====== [hemmerling] Java & Java Platform Languages 1/5 ======
Related page:
  *[[java02.html|Java & Java Platform Languages 2/5 - Literature, Training & Certification]].
  *[[java03.html|Java & Java Platform Languages 3/5 - The Java Language, Java Frameworks & Java APIs]].
  *[[java03.html|Java & Java Platform Languages 4/5 - Java on Embedded Systems & Machine-Specific APIs]].
  *[[java05.html|Java & Java Platform Languages 5/5 - Java IDEs and other Java Development Tools]].
  *[[functional.html|Functional Programming]].
===== Organisations & Conferences =====
==== Germany =====
  *[[http://www.java.de/|Java User Group Deutschland e. V.]] ( JUG ).
    *[[http://www.java.de/ziele-und-satzung-verein-27|Java User Group Deutschland e. V. - Satzung]] - "3.4. Die Austrittserklärung ist schriftlich mit einer Frist von einem Monat zum Ende eins Kalenderjahres gegenüber dem Vorstand abzugeben. Der Austritt ist jeweils zum Ende eines Vereinsjahres möglich".
    *Event "Java Forum Nord / Source Talk Tage".
      *[[http://www.javaforumnord.de/|Java Forum Nord]], 2015-10-06 in Hannover, Germany.
      *[[http://www.twitter.com/javaforumnord|Twitter "Java Forum Nord, @JavaForumNord"]].
    *[[http://www.sourcetalk.de/|Source Talk Tage]], 2014-08-26 - 2014-08-27 in Göttingen, Germany.
      *Ticket fee: "Freier Eintritt für Mitglieder der [[http://www.java.de/|JUG Deutschland]] ( while the annual membership fee for JUG is just 46 EUR for single members :-) ).
      *I got a invitiation to visit the conference on 2014-08-27 for free.
  *[[http://java.sun.com/community/usergroups/|Oracle Sun Developer Network (SDN) - Java User Groups]].
    *[[http://www.ijug.de/|iJUG - Interessenverbund der Java User Groups e.V.]].
  *[[http://java-champions.java.net/|The Java Champions Project]] - Title "Java Champion".
  *[[http://www.javaland.eu/|Javaland]] in the theme park [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasialand|Phantasialand]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_%28Rhineland%29|Brühl (Rhineland)]] next to Köln, 2014-03-25 - 2014-03-26.
  *[[http://www.jayday.de/|JayDay]] in München, 2013-07-01.
==== Greece, Crete =====
  *[[http://www.jcrete.org/|Java Specialists Symposium]], 2014-08-25 - 2014-08-29 - "An Open Spaces Conference on an Island in the Mediterranean Sea".
===== Jobs =====
  *[[http://jobs.java-forum.org/|Java-Forum.org "Aktuelle Stellenangebote rund um JAVA-Programmierung. Spezialisierte Jobbörse mit Stellenanzeigen für JAVA-Entwickler und Co"]].
===== Runtimes, Languages, Compilers, Software Development Kits =====
==== The Platform ====
=== Oracle ====
  *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/|Oracle Technology Network]].
    *[[http://www.oracle.com/us/sun/sun-products-map-075562.html|Oracle "Sun Software Product Map"]].
    *[[http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/java/|Oracle "Java Technology"]].
      *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/|Oracle Technology Network - Software Downloads]].
      *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/archive-139210.html|Oracle Technology Network "Oracle Java Archive"]] #.
      *[[http://www.oracle.com/us/sun/sun-products-map-075562.html|Oracle "Sun Software Product Map"]].
      *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/|Oracle "Java SE Downloads"]], [[http://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/|Oracle "Java Downloads"]] #.
        *Latest Java8 downloads, 2022-02:
          *[[http://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/javase8u211-later-archive-downloads.html|Oracle "Java SE 8 Archive Downloads (JDK 8u211 and later)"]] - "Java SE Development Kit 8u311" is latest download in 2022-02.
          *[[http://www.oracle.com/de/java/technologies/javase-jdk8-doc-downloads.html|Oracle "Java SE Development Kit 8 Documentation"]].
          *[[http://www.oracle.com/javase/jmc/|Oracle "JMC 5.5 no longer bundled with JDK 7 and JDK 8"]].
            *[[http://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/products-jmc8-downloads.html|Oracle "JDK Mission Control (JMC) 8 Downloads"]].
            *[[http://blogs.oracle.com/java/post/java-mission-control-now-serving-openjdk-binaries-too|Java Blogs "Java Mission Control - Now serving OpenJDK binaries too!"]], 2018-08.
        *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javafx/downloads/index.html|Oracle "JavaFX"]].
      *[[http://community.java.net/jdk/|java.net "Open JDK"]].
        *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/community/opensourcejdk-jsp-136417.html|Oracle "Java SE Open-Source JDK"]].
      *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/previous-jsp-138793.html|Oracle "Java SE Previous Releases Downloads"]].
      *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/|Java Embedded]].
      *[[http://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/|Oracle "JDK Documentation"]].
        *[[http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.4.2/docs/|Oracle "JavaTM 2 SDK, Standard Edition Documentation. Version 1.4.2"]].
        *[[http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/|Oracle "JDK 5.0 Documentation"]].
          *[[http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/jni/|Oracle "Java Native Interface"]].
        *[[http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/|Oracle "Java SE 6 Documentation"]].
        *[[http://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/|Oracle "Java SE 7 Documentation"]].
        *[[http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/|Oracle "Java Platform Standard Edition 8 Documentation"]].
          *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/javafx-docs-2159875.html|Oracle "JavaFX Documentation"]].
        *[[http://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/|Oracle "JDK 11 Documentation"]].
      *[[http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/|Oracle "The Java Tutorials"]].
  *[[http://java.sun.com/|Oracle - Sun Developer Network ( SDN )]].
    *[[http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/tomcat/|Oracle - Sun Developer Network "JSP. JavaServer Pages - Apache Tomcat"]].
    *[[http://developers.sun.com/devtools/|Oracle - Sun Developer Network "Development Tools. Sun's Award-Winning Developer Tools — now FREE with SDN Membership!"]].
    *[[http://java.sun.com/products/plugin/1.3/docs/tags.html|Oracle - Sun Developer Network "Java Plug-in HTML Specification"]].
  *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tech/index-jsp-136373.html|Java SE HotSpot at a Glance]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotSpot|EN.Wikipedia "HotSpot"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotSpot|DE.Wikipedia "HotSpot"]].
  *Warning, the JRE8 "expires" :-(.
    *[[http://www.java.com/en/download/help/release_changes.html|Java 8 Release Highlights"]] - "For systems unable to reach the Oracle Servers, a secondary mechanism expires this JRE (version 8u341) on 2022-11-18. After either condition is met (new release becoming available or expiration date reached), the JRE will provide additional warnings and reminders to users to update to the newer version".
    *[[http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/deploy/client-security.html|Oracle "23 Setting the Security Level of the Java Client"]]."23.1.2 JRE Expiration Date. The JRE relies on periodic checks with an Oracle Server to determine if the JRE is still considered up-to-date with all of the available security fixes (above the security baseline). **From the 7u10 release onwards, all JREs contain a hard-coded expiration date**. The expiration date is calculated to end after the scheduled release of the next Critical Patch Update" :-(.
=== Amazon Coretto ===
  *The free [[http://aws.amazon.com/corretto/|Amazon AWS " Amazon Corretto"]] - "No-cost, multiplatform, production-ready distribution of OpenJDK".
=== AdoptOpenJDK ===
  *The free [[http://www.adoptopenjdk.net/|AdoptOpenJDK]] - "Prebuilt OpenJDK Binaries for Free!".
=== Azul Systems Zing ===
  *The commercial [[http://www.azul.com/products/zing/|Azul Systems "Zing runtime for Java"]] - "Zing solves Java garbage collection problems and Java performance issues".
=== JDKs provided by Linux Distributions ===
  *See [[linux02.html|Linux 2/8 - Linux Distributions]].
=== Collection of JDK 8 Demos ===
  *[[http://repo.huaweicloud.com/java/jdk/|repo.huaweicloud.com/java/jdk]] - Latest demos are of "jdk_8u202".
  *[[https://enos.itcollege.ee/~jpoial/allalaadimised/jdk8/|enos.itcollege.ee/~jpoial/allalaadimised/jdk8]] - Directory with "jdk_8u341" files :-), but zip file with Java demos has no update number :-(.
==== Java in the Browser ====
=== Java Webstart ===
  *I was told that you have to sign your Java applications run by Java Webstart. A [[http://www.cacert.org/|CAcert]] certificate is applicable.
  *[[http://www.eclipse.org/swt/jws/|Eclipse - SWT "How to deploy SWT Applications using Java Web Start"]].
  *[[http://en.geopublishing.org/Delete_JWS_cache|geopublishing.org "Delete JavaWebStart cache"]].
  *[[http://www.webstartfaq.com/|Java(TM) Web Start - FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS]].
  *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/javawebstart/|Oracle "Java SE Desktop Technologies - Java Web Start Technology"]].
  *[[http://www.java.com/en/download/faq/java_webstart.xml|Oracle Java.com "What is Java Web Start and how is it launched?"]].
  *[[http://www.netbeans.org/kb/docs/java/javase-jws.html|NetBeans Docs & Support "Enabling Java Web Start in the NetBeans IDE"]].
  *[[http://www.stackoverflow.com/tags/java-web-start/info|Stack Overflow "Java Web Start"]].
  *[[http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/doc/java/tutorial/information/javawebstart.html|Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Mathematik "Installing and Using JavaTM Web Start"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Web_Start|EN.Wikipedia "Java Web Start"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Web_Start|DE.Wikipedia "Java Web Start"]].
=== Java Engines in Javascript ===
  *Experts told me, that Java engines in Javascript are just suitable to implement [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application|EN.Wikipedia "Single-Page Applications"]].
  *[[http://wiki.apidesign.org/wiki/Bck2Brwsr|Bck2Brwsr]], [[http://source.apidesign.org/hg/bck2brwsr/|hg/bck2brwsr - Downloads]].
    *There are two different APIs:
      -Applications may run in the browser solely, without Java Netbeans.
      -Applications may run in the browser with installed Java Netbeans.
  *[[http://www.doppiojvm.org/|Doppio: A JVM in JavaScript]], [[http://int3.github.io/doppio/|GitHub "Doppio. Java on Coffeescript"]], [[https://github.com/int3/doppio|GitHub "int3/doppio - A JVM in TypeScript"]].
=== Java Plugin ===
  *Supplied with standard Java runtime, on Windows, MacOSX and Linux.
  *[[http://www.java.com/en/download/help/jcp_security.xml|Java "How do I control when an untrusted applet or application runs in my web browser?"]].
  *[[http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/jweb/applet/using_tags.html|Oracle Java Documentation "Using applet, object and embed Tags"]].
  *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/family-clsid-140615.html|Oracle Technology Network "Deploying Java Applets With Family JRE Versions in Java Plug-in for Internet Explorer"]].
  *[[http://www.stackoverflow.com/questions/5947063/how-to-specify-correctly-codebase-and-archive-in-java-applet|StackOverflow "How to specify correctly codebase and archive in Java applet?"]].
  
==== Some other Platforms ====
  *[[http://harmony.apache.org/|Apache Harmony]] - "Open Source Java SE".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony|EN.Wikipedia "Apache Harmony"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony|DE.Wikipedia "Apache Harmony"]].
  *Dalvik VM, for Android.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29|EN.Wikipedia "Dalvik (software)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_Virtual_Machine|DE.Wikipedia "Dalvik Virtual Machine"]].
  *[[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/|IBM developerWorks - Java technology]].
    *[[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/|IBM developerWorks - Java technology "IBM developer kits"]].
  *[[http://gcc.gnu.org/java/|Free Software Foundation (FSF) - "GCJ: The GNU Compiler for Java"]].
    *[[http://www.cygwin.com/|Cygwin]] - "GNU + Cygnus + Windows = cygwin". 
  *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/middleware/jrockit|Oracle JRockit]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JRockit|EN.Wikipedia "JRockit"]].
  *[[http://www.kaffe.org/|kaffe]], [[http://www.github.com/kaffe/kaffe|github "kaffe"]] - "A clean room implementation of the Java virtual machine, plus the associated class libraries needed to provide a Java runtime environment".
  *[[http://www.harbaum.org/till/nanovm/|NanoVM]], [[http://nanovm.sourceforge.net/|SourceForge "NanoVM"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/nanovm/|SourceForge "NanoVM"]] - "Java for the AVR".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NanoVM|EN.Wikipedia "NanoVM"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NanoVM|DE.Wikipedia "NanoVM"]].
  *[[http://www.wabasoft.com//|Wabasoft "Waba"]] - "Waba is a programming platform for small devices. Waba defines a language, a virtual machine, a class file format and a set of foundation classes.The syntax of the Waba programming language is a strict subset of the syntax of the Java language. This allows developers who are familiar with Java to quickly start programming in Waba. The Waba class file and bytecode format are strict subsets of the class file and bytecode format supported by Java".
    *[[http://www.wabasoft.com/download4.shtml|Wabasoft "Developing Waba programsm / Source for the Waba Virtual Machine / Testing Waba programs"]].
    *[[http://www.wabasoft.com/vms.shtml|Wabasoft "Waba VM ports and VMs"]].
      *[[http://www.thisiscool.com/doswaba.htm|Mohan Embar - "Waba for DOS!"]].
    *[[http://www.wabasoft.com/sdks.shtml|Wabasoft "WabaSDK SDK Source, Ports & Utilities"]].
==== Languages and Interpreters ====
=== Tools & Runtimes ===
  *[[http://www.beanshell.org/|BeanShell]] - "A small, free, embeddable Java source interpreter with object scripting language features, written in Java. BeanShell dynamically executes standard Java syntax and extends it with common scripting conveniences such as loose types, commands, and method closures like those in Perl and JavaScript".
  *The OpenSource [[http://www.clojure.org/|Clojure]].
  *The OpenSource [[http://groovy.codehaus.org/|Groovy]] - "An agile and dynamic language for the Java Virtual Machine".
  *The OpenSource [[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Rhino|Mozilla "Rhino"]] - "An open-source implementation of JavaScript written entirely in Java".
  *The OpenSource [[http://jruby.org/|JRuby]].
  *The OpenSource [[http://www.jython.org/|Jython: Python for the Java Platform]].
  *The free, maybe soon OpenSource [[http://www.ibm.com/software/awdtools/netrexx/library/netrexxo.html|IBM NetRexx]].
  *The OpenSource [[http://www.kotlinlang.org/|Kotlin]], [[https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin|GitHub "JetBrains/kotlin"]] - "Statically typed programming language for the JVM, Android and the browser".
    *Blog [[http://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/|Kotlin Blog]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_%28programming_language%29|EN.Wikipedia "Kotlin (programming language)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_%28Programmiersprache%29|DE.Wikipedia "Kotlin (Programmiersprache)"]].
  *The OpenSource Javascript engine "Nashorn".
    *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-nashorn-2126515.html|Oracle "Oracle Nashorn: A Next-Generation JavaScript Engine for the JVM"]].
    *[[http://openjdk.java.net/projects/nashorn/|OpenJDK "Nashorn"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashorn_%28JavaScript_engine%29|EN.Wikipedia "Nashorn (JavaScript engine)"]].
  *The OpenSource ( process ) visualisation builder [[http://processing.org/|Processing]]. 
    *[[http://www.processing.org/reference/|Language API]] for the "Processing Language". 
    *"The Processing Language has been designed to faciliate the creation of sophisticated visual and conceptual structures".
    *There are some application samples for use with an extra Arduino hardware, see [[atmega.html|The Atmel AVR Family with Focus on ATxmega, ATmega, ATtiny, AT90 and the Arduino / Freeduino Platform]].
=== Performance Meters ===
  *[[http://www.azulsystems.com/jHiccup|Azul Systems "jHiccup: Open Source Tool to Measure Variations in Java Performance"]].
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://www.is-research.de/info/vmlanguages/|is-research GmbH "Programming languages for the Java Virtual Machine JVM and Javascript"]].
==== Java Support on Platforms ====
=== Java on Windows ===
== Java on Win98SE ==
  *Java 1.5 is the latest version with Win98SE support, on a PC with sufficient memory ( Win98SE runs best with 512MB RAM ).
  *The installers of Java 1.6 SDK and Java 1.6 Runtime, when run on Win98SE, stop and complain about "c:\windows\system\shell32.dll" with the error messages

//Fehler beim Starten des Programms. Die Datei JRE-6U21-WINDOWS-I586.EXE ist verknüpft mit dem fehlenden Export SHELL32.DLL:SHGetFolderPathA.//

//Error Starting Program. The JRE-6U21-WINDOWS-I586.EXE file is linked to missing export SHELL32.DLLHGetFolderPathA.//

  *Newer versions of "shell32.dll", i.e. "c:\winnt\system32\shell32.dll" of W2k, are explicitely refused to run on Win98SE. It is not known if there is any version of "shell32.dll" which lets Java 1.6 install on Win98SE.
  *There might be the option to install Java 1.6 on W2k or newer and then to transfer the installation to Win98SE....
== Java on W2k ==
  *Java 1.6 Update 31 is the latest version with W2k support. 
    *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk-6u31-download-1501634.html|Oracle "Java SE Development Kit 6 Update 31"]] is the latest Java SE Development Kit for W2k.
    *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jre-6u31-download-1501637.html|Oracle "Java SE Runtime Environment 6 Update 31"]] is the latest Java SE Runtime for W2k.
  *With newer 1.6 versions, the installation fails:

// Installation Failed.
The wizard was interrupted before Java(TM) SE Development Kit 6 Update 32 could be completely installed. To complete installations at another time, please run setup again.
Click Finish to exit the wizard.
[ ] Open Java Help.
Finish. //

  *The installers of Java 1.7 SDK and Java 1.7 Runtime, when executed on W2k, deny to run with the error messages

//jdk-7-windows-586.exe is not a valid Win32 application//

//jre-7-windows-586.exe is not a valid Win32 application//
=== Java on Linux ===
  *[[http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Oracle-Java-on-Ubuntu-Linux|wikiHow to do anything "How to Install Oracle Java on Ubuntu Linux"]].
=== Java on Browsers ===
== Oracle Java 9 still supports Java plugins, though Status is deprecated ==
  *[[http://www.java.com/en/download/faq/jdk9_plugin.xml|Oracle "JDK 9 and the Java Plugin"]] - "Oracle has deprecated the Java browser plugin in Java Standard Edition Development Kit 9 (JDK 9). Deprecation is a warning for developers to stop using this technology. JRE 9 will continue to provide the Java Plugin and support launching applets on browsers that still offer standard plugin support, but is only available for limited use and not recommended".
== Java Plugin support with Firefox Browser 51 and earlier ==
  *[[http://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/npapi-plugins|Mozilla Support "Why do Java, Silverlight, Adobe Acrobat and other plugins no longer work?"]] - "Beginning in Firefox version 52 released March 7, 2017, installed NPAPI plugins are no longer supported in Firefox, except for Adobe Flash. Some of the plugins that will no longer load in Firefox, even though they may be installed on your computer, include Java, Microsoft Silverlight and Adobe Acrobat".
  *[[http://www.fxsitecompat.com/en-CA/docs/2016/plug-in-support-has-been-dropped-other-than-flash/|Firefox Site Compatibility "Plug-in support has been dropped other than Flash"]], 2016-10-04 - "Therefore, the legacy NPAPI plug-in support in Firefox, deprecated since October 2015, has been removed from Firefox 52 with the exception of still-popular Adobe Flash Player. On the Windows 64-bit version of Firefox, Flash and Silverlight are already the only supported plug-ins".
=== Java on Windows-32bit and Linux-32bit ===
  *Java8 provides the latest Java SDK and Java Runtime for Java on Windows-32bit and Linux-32bit.
  *Since Java9, there is just support for Windows-64bit and Linux-64bit.
==== Legal Resources ====
  *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html|Oracle "Oracle Technology Network / Java / Java SE / Downloads"]].
    *"The Oracle JDK License has changed for releases starting April 16, 2019. The new Oracle Technology Network License Agreement for Oracle Java SE is substantially different from prior Oracle JDK licenses. The new license permits certain uses, such as personal use and development use, at no cost -- but other uses authorized under prior Oracle JDK licenses may no longer be available" :-(.
    *[[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/overview/oracle-jdk-faqs.html|Oracle "Oracle Technology Network
Java / Java SE / Overview"]] - "Oracle Java SE Licensing FAQ".
  *[[http://www.jax.de/core-java-jvm-languages/oje-java-ist-nicht-mehr-kostenlos-und-nun/|JAX 2019 "Oje, Java ist nicht mehr kostenlos – und nun?"]] - "Oracle hat sein Lizenzmodell geändert, ab JDK 11 kann es in Produktion nicht mehr kostenfrei eingesetzt werden. Seit Januar 2019 gibt es zudem keine freien Updates mehr für das momentan noch viel genutzte Oracle JDK 8".
  *[[http://blog.jetbrains.com/idea/2018/09/using-java-11-in-production-important-things-to-know/|IntelliJ IDEA Blog "Using Java 11 In Production: Important Things To Know"]], 2018-09.
  *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/java/comments/a0ngus/explain_the_java_no_longer_free_for_commercial/|Reddit "Explain the Java "no longer free for commercial users" to me"]], 2019-01.
    *[[http://docs.google.com/document/d/1nFGazvrCvHMZJgFstlbzoHjpAVwv5DEdnaBr_5pKuHo/|Google Docs "Java Is Still Free 2.0.4"]] - "Starting with the April 2019 update, Oracle JDK 8 will have commercial use restrictions. Through at least December 2020 the Oracle JDK will remain free for personal desktop use, development, testing, prototyping, demonstrating and for use with certain types of applications".
==== Resources ====
  *[[http://www.is-research.de/info/vmlanguages/|is-research GmbH "Programming languages for the Java Virtual Machine JVM"]].
  *[[http://www.dwheeler.com/java-imp.html|David K. Friedman, David A. Wheeler - "Java Implementations"]].
===== Cloud Hosting of Java Server and Java Applications =====
==== Free Hosting & Time-limited Free Hosting ====
=== Amazon AWS - 1 Year Free Hosting ===
  *[[http://aws.amazon.com/free/|AWS Free Tier]].
=== Heroku - Free Hosting ===
  *[[http://www.heroku.com/|Heroku]].
=== OpenShift - Free Hosting ===
  *[[http://www.openshift.com/|OpenShift: Container Application Platform by Red Hat, Built on Docker and Kubernetes]].
  *OpenShift Web Console.
    *[[http://manage.openshift.com/|OpenShift Online "Login"]].
    *[[http://api.starter-us-east-1.openshift.com/|OpenShift Online "Login"]].
  *[[http://developers.redhat.com/|Red Hat Developer Program]].
  *[[http://status.starter.openshift.com/|OpenShift Online Starter Status]].
  *Blog [[http://blog.openshift.com/|OpenShift Blog]].
    *[[http://blog.openshift.com/free-apache-tomcat-hosting-in-the-cloud-for-java-applications-its-called-openshift/|OpenShift Blog "Free Apache Tomcat Hosting in the Cloud for Java Applications? It’s Called OpenShift!"]], 2012 - "Note: OpenShift now officially supports Tomcat. The following blog post covers how to install Tomcat on a DIY self-supported application server. For the official version, please refer to [[http://blog.openshift.com/run-your-java-tomcat-application-for-free-on-openshifts-paas/|this]] blog".
    *[[http://blog.openshift.com/run-your-java-tomcat-application-for-free-on-openshifts-paas/|OpenShift Blog "Host and Run Your Java Tomcat Application for Free on OpenShift’s PaaS"]].

=== My OpenShift Project "hemmerling" ===
  *[[http://console.starter-us-east-1.openshift.com/console/project/hemmerling/|OpenShift Web Console, Project "hemmerling"]].
==== Commercial Hosting ====
  *[[http://www.cloudbees.com/|CloudBees -  Enterprise Jenkins and DevOps]] ?
  *[[http://www.dailyrazor.com/private-tomcat-hosting/| DailyRazor "Java Tomcat Hosting on Private Tomcat Server"]].
  *[[http://www.jelastic.com/|Jelastic]] - "Multi-Cloud PaaS for Java, PHP, Node.js, Ruby Hosting".
    *[[http://www.jelastic.cloud/|Jelastic Cloud Union Catalog: Choose Your Service Provider]].
    *[[http://docs.jelastic.com/tomcat|Jelastic Dev Docs "Java Application Hosting with Apache Tomcat 6 Web Server"]].
==== Videos ====
  *[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th2fXIwyw4M|YouTube "Tutorial : How to Download & Install Apache Tomcat & Run or Deploy a .war file ( Part 1 )"]].
==== Resources ====
  *[[http://www.alternativeto.net/software/heroku/|alternativeTo "Heroku"]].
  *[[http://www.besthosting.com/5-best-tomcat-hosting-2016/|BestHosting "5 Best Tomcat Hosting- April 2016 Update"]].
  *[[http://www.google.de/search?q=tomcat+webserver+free|Google - Search for "webserver free"]].
  *[[http://www.google.de/search?q=tomcat+web+server+free|Google - Search for "web server free"]].
  *[[http://progrnotes.blogspot.de/2017/03/free-java-hosting-options-and-heroku.html|Programming notes "Free Java hosting options and Heroku tomcat deployment"]].
  *[[http://www.stackoverflow.com/questions/20734616/free-java-servlet-hosting|StackOverflow "Free Java servlet hosting?"]].
===== Resources =====
  *Experts told me, that Java doesn't have an efficient built-in BCD arithmetics :-(:
  *[[http://www.javatux.de/|Oliver Böhm "Java-Tux"]] - ""Java unter Linux".
  *[[http://www.developer.com/|Developer.com]] - "Your Home for Java and Open Source Development Knowledge".
    *[[http://www.gamelan.com/|Developer.com's Gamelan.com]] - "Your Source for Java Information".
  *[[http://embedded.soe.ucsc.edu/|University of California, Jack Baskin School of Engineering - "banana slug Embedded Systems and Java at UCSC banana slug"]].
  *[[http://www.golem.de/news/open-source-projekt-oracle-will-java-ee-abgeben-1708-129560.html|golem.de - IT NEWS FÜR PROFIS "Oracle will Java EE abgeben"]], 2017-08-18.
  *[[http://www.javajee.com/|JAVAEE.COM. Learn Java Easy On The Go & On Demand]].
  *[[http://www.javangelist.de/|Javangelist]] - "A website with help for professional Java developers".
  *[[http://www.learnjavaonline.org/|Learn Java]] - "Interactive Java Tutorial".
  *[[http://www.oio.de/|Orientation in Objects]].
    *[[http://www.oio.de/public/java/java-web-frameworks-vergleich/jsf-vs-gwt-studie.htm?nl114|Orientation in Objects "OIO Kompass: Java Web-Frameworks"]] - "Vergleich von Java Web-Frameworks wie GWT vs. JSF. Auswertung einer Umfrage zu den Hintergründen der Auswahl von Java Web-Frameworks - speziell GWT und JSF" #.
  *[[http://www.overapi.com/java/|OverAPI.com "Java Cheat Sheet"]] #.
  *[[http://seniorjava.wordpress.com/2013/09/01/java-objects-memory-size-reference/|Soroosh Sarabadani, "Just another java blog. My experiences about software engineering": "JAVA Objects Memory Size Reference"]] #.
  *[[http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kaltofen/courses/Languages/JavaExamples/cpp_vs_java/|Erich Kaltofen "Erich's Java cheat sheet for C++ programmers"]].
  *[[http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4860|Linux Journal "Compiling Java with GCJ"]] #.
  *[[http://java.seite.net/|Kaffee & Kuchen]] - "Die führende deutsche Java-Seite".
  *[[http://www.informit.com/articles/index.aspx?st=60209|PEARSON InformIT "Java"]].
  *Wikipedia.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine|EN.Wikipedia "Java Virtual Machine"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine|DE.Wikipedia "Java Virtual Machine"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface|EN.Wikipedia "Java Native Interface]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface|DE.Wikipedia "Java Native Interface"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_EE_version_history|EN.Wikipedia "Java EE version history"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compilers|EN.Wikipedia "List of compilers"]].
  *[[http://www.zetcode.com/|ZetCode Tutorial]].
    *E-books: "Java Swing layout management".
    *GUI: "Java Swing tutorial", "Jython Swing tutorial", "JRuby Swing tutorial", "Java SWT tutorial", "Java Gnome tutorial".
    *Graphics: "Java 2D games tutorial", "Java 2D tutorial".
    *Languages: "Java tutorial".
    *Other: "Java EE 5 tutorials".
    *Databases: "MySQL Java tutorial", "PostgreSQL Java tutorial".
===== Forums, Communities, Newsgroups =====
  *[[http://www.basic4ppc.com/android/forum/|Anywhere Software "Basic4android Community"]] - "B4J" subforums.
  *[[http://www.bytes.com/topic/java/|Bytes IT Community "Java Forum"]].
  *[[http://www.enthuware.com/forum/|Enthuware Forum]].
  *[[http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.java.advocacy|Google Groups "comp.lang.java.advocacy"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.java.api|Google Groups "comp.lang.java.api"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.java.programmer|Google Groups "comp.lang.java.programmer"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.java.security|Google Groups "comp.lang.java.security"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.java.setup|Google Groups "comp.lang.java.setup"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.java.softwaretools|Google Groups "comp.lang.java.softwaretools"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.java.tech|Google Groups "comp.lang.java.tech"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/de.comp.lang.java|Google Groups "de.comp.lang.java"]].
  *[[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.install.jbuilder|Google Groups "borland.public.install.jbuilder"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.announce|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.announce"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.applet-issues|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.applet-issues"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.compiler|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.compiler"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.corba-rmi|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.corba-rmi"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.database|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.database"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.debugger|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.debugger"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.deployment|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.deployment"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.documentation|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.documentation"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.ide|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.ide"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.java.language|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.java.language"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.java.swing|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.java.swing"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.javabeans.using|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.javabeans.using"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.javabeans.writing|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.javabeans.writing"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.jbcl|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.jbcl"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.jobs|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.jobs"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.multi-lingual-apps|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.multi-lingual-apps"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.non-technical|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.non-technical"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/borland.public.jbuilder.thirdpartytools|Google Groups "borland.public.jbuilder.thirdpartytools"]].
  *[[http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.inetexplorer.scripting|Google Groups "microsoft.public.inetexplorer.scripting"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.inetexplorer.scripting|Google Groups "microsoft.public.inetexplorer.scripting"]], [[http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.internetexplorer.java|Google Groups "microsoft.public.internetexplorer.java"]],  [[http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.inetsdk.programming.scripting.jscript|Google Groups "microsoft.public.inetsdk.programming.scripting.jscript"]],  [[http://groups.google.com/group/microsoft.public.inetexplorer.ie4.java_applets|Google Groups "microsoft.public.inetexplorer.ie4.java_applets]], [[http://groups.google.com/groups/dir?sel=usenet%3Dmicrosoft.public.java|Google Groups "microsoft.public.java"]].
  *[[http://www.javajee.com/forum|JAVAEE.COM. Learn Java Easy On The Go & On Demand - Forums]].
  *[[http://www.javaranch.com/|Java Ranch - a friendly place for Java greenhorns!]].
    *[[http://www.coderanch.com/|Java Ranch - Java Forums at the Big Moose Saloon ( coderanch.com )]].
    *"You elected to close your own account. If you wish to reopen your account, please subscribe to the monthly email" :-(.
  *[[http://www.jcreator.com/|Xinox Software "JCreator Forum Board"]].
  *[[http://www.jetbrains.com/devnet/|JetBrains "Developer Community"]].
    *[[http://devnet.jetbrains.net/community/idea|JetBrains "Developer Community / IntelliJ IDEA"]].
      *[[http://devnet.jetbrains.net/community/idea/ideacommunity|JetBrains "Developer Community / IntelliJ IDEA / IntelliJ IDEA / IntelliJ IDEA Users"]] Forum.
    *"Power Save Mode" to turn library indexing down :-), for non-SSD drives, and for use in airplanes ect..
      *[[http://www.google.com/search?q=intellij+power+save+mode|Google - Search for "intellij power save mode"]].
      *[[http://www.google.com/search?q=intellij+power+save+mode+indexing|Google - Search for "intellij power save mode indexing"]].
      *[[http://intellij-support.jetbrains.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/206356739-Power-Save-Mode-Exact-Details-|Intellij-Support "Power Save Mode - Exact Details?"]], 2013.
  *[[http://www.java.net/people/590910-hemmerling|java.net - The Source for Java Technology Collaboration]].
  *[[http://www.java-forum.org/|Java-Forum.org]].
    *In 2013-07-28, there was a change of owner in the forum. There is a dataloss of messages in the period 2013-02-11 - 2013-08-28. Nowadays the forum is online again.
    *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/java-forum.org|Archive.org "java-forum.org"]] ( - 2013-06-17 ).
    *[[http://forum.byte-welt.net/showthread.php?t=4659|Byte-Welt - Die Welt des Programmierens " Informationen zu java-forum.org"]].
    *[[http://forum.byte-welt.net/|Byte-Welt Forum]].
    *[[http://java-forum.byte-welt.de/forumdisplay.php?f=6|Byte-Welt Java Forum]].
  *[[http://forums.netbeans.org/|NetBeans Forums]].
    *[[http://forums.netbeans.org/viewtopic.php?p=160449#160449|NetBeans Forums "If I create a new project and try to select a project type with Netbeans ( on freshly installed Win 8.1 ), a dreadful little window "Search:" appears next and prevents me from selecting a project...Any help ?!"]].
  *Mailing-list [[http://mail.openjdk.java.net/mailman/listinfo/openjfx-dev|openjfx-dev -- Technical discussion related to the OpenJFX Project]].
  *Oracle.
    *[[http://www.oracle.com/communities/|Oracle Community (OTN)]].
      *[[http://community.oracle.com/community/java|Oracle Community (OTN) "Java"]], no forum.
      *[[http://community.oracle.com/community/technology_network_community/certification|Oracle Community (OTN) "Certification Community"]] with forum.
        *[[http://community.oracle.com/thread/4023392|Oracle Community (OTN) "Certification Community", Thread "Unable to download certificate from certview"]], 2017-03.
    *[[http://www.linkedin.com/groups/25436/|LinkedIn Group "Oracle Certified Associates, Professionals, Experts, Specialists & Masters (OCA/OCP/OCE/OCS/OCM)"]].
    *[[http://www.facebook.com/OracleCertification/|Facebook "Oracle Certification, @OracleCertification"]].
  *[[http://forums.oreilly.com/forum/45-head-first/|O'Reilly Forums "Head First"]].
    *[[http://forums.oreilly.com/forum/97-head-first-java/|O'Reilly Forums  "Head First Java"]].
    *There is no "Head First Servlets and JSP" forum :-(.
  *OSGi.
    *[[http://www.linkedin.com/groups/122461/profile|LinkedIn Group "OSGi Alliance"]].
    *[[http://www.xing.com/communities/groups/osgi-bb05-1012082|XING Group "OSGi"]].
    *[[http://www.osgi.org/community/osgi-user-forums/|OSGi User Forums]].
    *[[http://germany.osgiusers.org/|homeOSGi Users' Forum Germany]].
  *[[http://forum.springsource.org/|Spring Community Forums]].
  *[[http://www.stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/java|Stack Overflow - Tagged Questions "[javal]"]].
  *XDEV.
    *[[http://cms.xdev-software.de/forum.php/|XDEV Forum]].
    *[[http://www.xing.com/net/xdev|XING "XDEV"]].
    *[[http://www.facebook.com/pages/XDEV-Software/146296578714402|Facebook "XDEV Software"]].
===== Appropriate OpenDirectory Directory Pages =====
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Programming: Languages"]].
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Java/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Programming: Languages: Java"]].
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