====== [hemmerling] Linux 2/12 - Linux Distributions ======
Related pages:
  *[[booting.html|Booting from Devices]].
  *[[debian.html|Debian Linux 1/4]].
  *[[debian02.html|Debian Linux 2/4]].
  *[[android.html|Google Android]].
  *[[linux.html|Linux 1/12]].
  *[[linux03.html|Linux 3/12 - Linux Boot Loaders, Linux Build Systems, Linux Installers and Linux Implementors]].
  *[[linux04.html|Linux 4/12 - Linux Applications, Linux Tools and Linux Drivers]].
  *[[linux05.html|Linux 5/12 - SUSE 7.1 Linux on Clevo 2700c Notebooks with SIS630S Chipset]].
  *[[linux06.html|Linux 6/12 - Linux with X-Terminals and Terminals]].
  *[[linux07.html|Linux 7/12 - Linux on X86, X64 and ARM Computers]].
  *[[linux08.html|Linux 8/12 - Embedded Systems with Linux]].
  *[[linux09.html|Linux 9/12 - Virtualisation with Linux]].
  *[[linux10.html|Linux 10/12 - Linux Applications]].
  *[[linux11.html|Linux 11/12]].
  *[[linux12.html|Linux 12/12]].
  *[[lpicone.html|Linux LPIC-1]].
  *[[lpictwo.html|Linux LPIC-2]].
  *[[linuxskills.html|Linux Skills & Skill Certification]].
  *[[redhat.html|Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ), The CentOS Project ( CentOS ), Fedora Linux ( F ), AlmaLinux ( Alma ), Rocky Linux ( RL ), openSUSE, Amazon Linux ( AL )]].
===== Linux Kernel =====
  *[[http://www.kernel.org/|The Linux Kernel Archives]] #.
===== Major Linux Distribution Family .deb ( Debian, Ubuntu with GRUB Bootloader ) & ( MX Linux with Syslinux Bootloader ) =====
==== 1 Debian ====
=== Software ===
  *[[http://www.debian.org/|debian]].
    *[[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/|Debian CDs/DVDs archive]] -> Download of legacy distribution.
      *[[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/11.4.0-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/|Debian CDs/DVDs archive "11.4.0-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/"]].
        *"debian-live-11.4.0-amd64-gnome.iso" - With Gnome desktop.
        *"debian-live-11.4.0-amd64-standard.iso" - Just command-line interface.
        ***In 2025-07, there is still a 32-bit x86 distribution :-)**.
=== Legacy Hardware Support ===
      *[[http://www.debian.org/releases/sarge/|Debian Releases "Debian GNU/Linux 3.1"]], [[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/3.1_r8/|Debian CDs/DVDs archive "Debian 3.1r8"]] ( "sarge" ), the latest release for systems with 80386 CPU.
      *[[http://www.debian.org/releases/lenny/|Debian Releases "Debian GNU/Linux 5.0.10"]] [[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/5.0.10/|Debian CDs/DVDs archive "Debian 5.0.10"]] ( "lenny" ), the latest release for systems with 80486 CPU.
      *[[http://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/|Debian Releases "Debian 7.11"]], [[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/7.8.0/|Debian CDs/DVDs archive "Debian 7.8"]] ( "wheezy" ). By some unknown reasons this version was important for me, as latest release for some hardware...
        *[[http://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/i386/ch02s01.html.en|Debian Releases "Debian 7.11. 2.1. Supported Hardware. Chapter 2. System Requirements]] - "Nearly all x86-based (IA-32) processors still in use in personal computers are supported, including all varieties of Intel's 'Pentium' series. This also includes 32-bit AMD and VIA (former Cyrix) processors, and processors like the Athlon XP and Intel P4 Xeon. However, Debian GNU/Linux wheezy will not run on 386 or earlier processors. Despite the architecture name 'i386', support for actual 80386 processors (and their clones) was dropped with the Sarge (r3.1) release of Debian. (No version of Linux has ever supported the 286 or earlier chips in the series.) All i486 and later processors are still supported".
        *Debian 7.8, with Kernel 3.2.65.
          *[[http://www.pro-linux.de/news/1/21903/debian-gnulinux-78.html|PRO-Linux.DE "Debian GNU/Linux 7.8"]], 2015-01-12 - "Kernel 3.2.65".
      *[[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/8.11.1/|Debian CDs/DVDs archive "Debian 8.11.1"]] ( "jessie" ), the latest release for systems with Intel Pentium CPU.
    *[[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/archive/|Debian CDs/DVDs]] -> Download of the current distribution.
    *[[http://www.debian-interix.net/|Debian Interix Port]] - "This is a port of the Debian distribution to Interix, aka Microsoft Services for UNIX (SfU) or Subsystem for UNIX based applications (SUA)".
    *Advice by experts: Take "Debian Stable" for servers and "Debian Testing" for desktop computers :-).
    *Legacy hardware support:
      *Debian Linux was suitable to be installed on legacy hardware ( 80x386 / 80x486,..) :-).
      *[[http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2016/05/msg00001.html|Debian Mailing Lists "Debian-Devel-Announce" - "Debian i386 architecture now requires a 686-class processor"]].
        *Last year it was decided to increase the minimum CPU features for the i386 architecture to 686-class in the stretch release cycle. This means dropping support for 586-class and hybrid 586/686 processors[1].(Support for 486-class processors was dropped, somewhat accidentally, in squeeze.) This was implemented in the Linux kernel packages starting with Linux 4.3, which was uploaded to unstable in December last year.
        *In case you missed that change, gcc for i386 has recently been changed to target 686-class processors and is generating code that will crash on other processors. Any such systems still running testing or unstable will need to be switched to run stable (jessie).
        *The older processors will continue to be supported in jessie until at least 2018, and until 2020 if i386 is included in jessie LTS.
        *[1] The following processors, supported in jessie, are now unspported:
          *AMD K5, K6, K6-2 (aka K6 3D), K6-3
          *Intel Pentium, Pentium with MMX
          *...
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian|EN.Wikipedia "Debian"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian|DE.Wikipedia "Debian"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_version_history|EN.Wikipedia "Debian version history"]].
      *Debian 6.0 (Squeeze)... support for the Intel 486, ... architectures was dropped :-(.
      *Debian 9 (Stretch)... The Intel i586 (Pentium), i586/i686 hybrid ... architectures are no longer supported as of Stretch.
==== 2 Ubuntu ====
  *[[http://www.ubuntu.com/|Canonical Ubuntu]].
    *Versions:
      *"Desktop" image, "Server install" image ( no graphical user interface ).
    *Releases:
      *"LTS Releases" ( "Extended Security Maintenance (ESM)" ), "Interim Releases".
    *[[http://www.ubuntuupdates.org/|UbuntuUpdates]].
      *Realtime kernels:
        *[[http://wiki.ubuntu.com/RealTime|Ubuntu Wiki "RealTime"]].
          *[[http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuStudio/RealTimeKernel|Ubuntu Help "UbuntuStudio / RealTimeKernel"]].
      *[[http://releases.ubuntu.com/|Ubuntu Releases]]:
        *[[http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/|Ubuntu 14.04.02 LTS (Trusty Tahr)]].
          *Requirements: 6.3 Gbyte disk space, 1000 MB CD-Rom or DVD boot media.
        *[[http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/|Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS (Xenial Xerus)]].
          *The last release with official 32-bit versions.
        *[[http://releases.ubuntu.com/bionic/|Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS (Bionic Beaver)]].
          *Release with 64-bit only versions.
        *[[http://releases.ubuntu.com/focal/|Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa)]].
        *[[http://releases.ubuntu.com/jammy/|Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)]].
      *[[http://www.lubuntu.net/|Lubuntu]] 18.04 LTS.
        *Requirements: 4.4 Gbyte disk space, 700 MB CD-Rom or DVD boot media.
        *Since Ubuntu 12.04, the standard kernel requires an 80x86 CPU with [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension|EN.Wikipedia "Physical Address Extension"]]. For systems with CPU without such features, [[http://www.lubuntu.net/]] might be an alternative.
        *[[http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Lubuntu|Lubuntu Team Wiki]].
          *"We have done many tests and we've found out that Lubuntu can be installed on a Pentium II or Celeron system with 128 MB of RAM, but such a system would not perform well enough for daily use".
          *"With 256MB - 384MB of RAM, the performance will be better and the system will be more usable".
          *"With 512MB of RAM, you don't need to worry much".
          *However, I failed to install Lubuntu 14.4 on VirtualBox, with 512 MBytes RAM for Linux. It crashed at the end.. during wrap-up.
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu|EN.Wikipedia "Ubuntu"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu|DE.Wikipedia "Ubuntu"]].
      *Wiki [[http://wiki.ubuntu.com/|Ubuntu Wiki]]
      *Ubuntu Netbook Remix - a Linux for Asus901.
      *Ubuntu Linux supports "Lenovo ThinkPad".
      *Eeebuntu 2.0 ( Ubuntu 8.10 for the Asus Eee PC ).
        *[[http://www.geteasypeasy.com/|Easy Peasy]] - a Ubuntu-based Linux for Asus901.
        *[[http://www.teale.de/|Geoffrey Teale]], [[http://www.xing.com/profile/Geoffrey_Teale|XING "Geoffrey Teale"]], [[http://de.linkedin.com/in/geoffteale|LinkedIn "Geoffrey Teale"]], [[http://www.twitter.com/tealeg|Twitter "Geoffrey J. Teale, @tealeg"]] - Ubuntu team member & "Golang" expert.
      *No more 32-bit support :-(.
        *[[http://www.askubuntu.com/questions/1014149/how-come-ubuntu-18-04-lts-has-a-32bit-iso-installer|AskUbuntu "How come Ubuntu 18.04 LTS has a 32bit iso installer?"]] - "Standard Ubuntu flavour has dropped 32-bit installer for the 18.04 release aka Bionic Beaver (actually since the 17.10 release), but rest of the Ubuntu flavours still support 32-bit systems", "Alternatively, you can use the Ubuntu mini ISO".
        *[[http://www.askubuntu.com/questions/1127402/is-there-a-32-bit-version-of-ubuntu-18-04-desktop|AskUbuntu "Is there a 32-bit version of Ubuntu 18.04 desktop?"]] - "If you want a 'clean and basic' iso file of Ubuntu Bionic to be released as 18.04 LTS, you can download a Ubuntu mini.iso alias Netboot iso file. There are versions for 32-bit as well as 64-bit kernels".
    *Ubuntu Flavours, still with 18.04 32-bit editions. 
      -[[http://www.xubuntu.org/download/|Xubuntu]].
      -[[http://www.lubuntu.net/lubuntu-18-04-bionic-beaver-released/|Lubuntu]].
      -[[http://www.ubuntu-mate.org/download/|Ubuntu MATE]].
      -[[http://www.kubuntu.org/getkubuntu/|Kubuntu]].
        -[[http://www.ubuntubudgie.org/downloads|Ubuntu Budgie]].
        -[[http://www.ubuntustudio.org/download/|Ubuntu Studio]].
==== 3 Kali Linux ====
=== Server Software ===
  *[[http://www.kali.org/|Kali Linux]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Kali Linux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Kali Linux"]] - "The software is based on the DebianTesting branch".
=== Metasploit ===
  *[[http://www.metasploit.com/|Metasploit]] - "World's most used penetration testing software. Put your network's defenses to the test".
  *[[http://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-vmware-arm-image-download/|Offensive Security "Kali Linux Downloads - Kali Linux Custom ARM and VMware Image Downloads"]] - "These images have a default password of 'toor' and may have pre-generated SSH host keys".
  *Tutorial [[http://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/Main_Page|Offensive Security "Metasploit Unleashed"]].
  *Metasploit - The developer of an exploid also implements the payloads and so define all selectable payloads.
    *For the Metasploit community edition, the command line interface is best choice, as all other choices are outdated or will be outdated soon ( for the community edition at least ).
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://www.backtrack-linux.org/|BackTrack Linux]] - "March 13th 2013 - BackTrack Linux becomes Kali Linux".leashed"]].
  *Settings of a virtual machine for Kali Linux:
    *If you use a LAN connection to connect to the Internet by the host, please disable all other network interfaces listed in the configuration settings of the virtual machine.
    *In the configuration settings of the virtual machine., please select as virtual network adapter configuration = "Bridged" instead of the default "NAT".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Kali Linux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Kali Linux"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasploit_Project|EN.Wikipedia "Metasploit Project"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasploit|DE.Wikipedia "Metasploit"]].
==== 4 Knoppix ====
=== The Distribution ===
  *[[http://www.knoppix.org/|KNOPPIX]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoppix|EN.Wikipedia "Knoppix"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoppix|DE.Wikipedia "Knoppix"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Knopper|EN.Wikipedia "Klaus Knopper"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Knopper|DE.Wikipedia "Klaus Knopper"]].
    *[[http://www.linux-bibel.at/index.php/2025/06/21/wenn-man-an-live-linux-denkt-dachte-man-an-knoppix/|Linux-Bibel "Wenn man an Live-Linux denkt, dachte man an Knoppix"]], 2025-06 - "der Entwickler Klaus Knopper (Professor, Diplom Ing.) hat Knoppix nicht eingestellt! ... Bei den Chemnitzer Linux-Tagen 2025 kam es heraus – es wird natürlich weitere Knoppix-Releases geben. Das Schlechte: Durch seine berufliche Auslastung wird es ein neues Release erst im Frühjahr 2026 geben".
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://www.knoppix.net/wiki/|Knoppix Wiki]].
    *[[http://www.knoppix.net/wiki/Deb_files_or_Debian_Packages|Knoppix Wiki "Deb files or Debian Packages"]].
      *[[http://knoppix.net/forum/threads/17594-How-do-i-install-a-deb-package|Knoppix Forum "How do i install a .deb package"]] - "First, note that you can only install a .deb package if you have a HD install, otherwise you'll have to use Klik (Kmenu>Knoppix>Utilities>install software)".
  *Keyboard:
    *[[http://www.knoppixforum.de/knoppix-forum-deutsch/startprobleme/thread4007/tastaturlayout-von-knoppix-6-0-1-de-%C3%A4ndern.html|Knoppixforum - Linux Live Distribution "Tastaturlayout von Knoppix 6,0,1 DE ändern"]].
      *Beim Booten von Knoppix muss man die beiden Parameter **keyboard=de-latin1** und **xkeyboard=de** an den Kernel übergeben.. Das Booten geschieht vermutlich mittels Grub. Dann kann man die Datei /boot/grub/menu.lst entsprechend anpassen. Dazu gibt man im Terminal "sudo leafpad /boot/grub/menu.lst" ein... Damit aber jetzt die Bearbeitung nicht zu schwer fällt, kann man im Terminal vor dem Aufruf des Editors erst noch "sudo setxkbmap de" ausführen.
    *[[http://www.linuxwiki.de/KNOPPIX/CheatCodes|Linux Wiki "KNOPPIX/CheatCodes"]].
    *Instruction that work until the next reboot:
      *"sudo setxkbmap de".
    *Instructions that did not work for me :-(:
      *"sudo leafpad /boot/grub/menu.lst".
        *There, add the options:
          *"keyboard=de".
          *"xkeyboard=de".
        *Reboot the system.
    *Instructions by Klaus Knopper himself: Start Knoppix by
      *"knoppix lang=en xkeyboard=de" ( Linux-32bit ).
      *"knoppix64 lang=en xkeyboard=de" ( Linux-64bit ).
  *[[http://www.knoppixforum.de/knoppix-forum-deutsch/startprobleme/thread6611/knoppix-9-1-wie-hd-installation.html|Knoppixforum "Knoppix 9.1 -Wie HD-Installation?"]].
  *Downloads by Chrome browser, by default at "/home/knoppix/Downloads".
  *Access to NTFS drives.
    *With Knoppix9.1 of 2021, I failed to access the NTFS drive of the Windows PC by the Knoppix Desktop, where I booted Knoppix by USB stick :-(. 
    *With Debian11, however, I was able to access the NTFS drive both by Debian booted by USB stick and Debian booted from harddisk. When booting from harddisk, Debian asked to select a Windows user and to enter its password. When booting by USB stick, access to NTFS drive was immediately without asking for Windows user and password.
==== 5 Linux Mint with Syslinux Bootloader ====
  *[[http://www.linuxmint.com/|Linux Mint]].
==== 6 MX Linux with Syslinux Bootloader ====
  *[[http://www.mxlinux.org/|MX Linux]].
  ***In 2025-07, there is still a 32-bit x86 distribution :-)**.
==== 7 Canaima GNU/Linux ====
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_%28operating_system%29|EN.Wikipedia "Canaima (operating system)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_GNU/Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Canaima GNU/Linux"]] - "The default operating system for the Venezuelan public administration".
==== 8 Raspberry Pi OS ( formerly: Raspbian ) ====
  *[[http://www.raspberrypi.com/software/|Raspberry Pi OS]] - "Raspberry Pi OS (previously called Raspbian) is our official supported operating system".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS|EN.Wikipedia "Raspberry Pi OS"]].
  *[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi#Raspberry_Pi_OS|DE.Wikipedia "Raspberry Pi"]] - "Raspberry_Pi_OS".
==== Resources ====
  *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major|DistroWatch "Major Distributions"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=debian|DistroWatch "Debian"]].
    *[[htts://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu|DistroWatch "Ubuntu"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dtable.php?distribution=mint|DistroWatch "Linux Mint"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=mx|DistroWatch "MX Linux"]].
===== Major Linux Distribution Family .rpm ( Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ), The CentOS Project ( CentOS ), Fedora Linux ( F ), AlmaLinux ( Alma ), Rocky Linux ( RL ), openSUSE with GRUB Bootloader, Amazon Linux ( AL ) ) ====
==== 1  Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ), The CentOS Project ( CentOS ), Fedora Linux ( F ) with GRUB Bootloader ====
=== 1.1 Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ) ===
  *[[http://www.redhat.com/|Red Hat]], [[http://www.de.redhat.com/|Red Hat Germany]].
  *[[http://www.redhat.com/en/blog/|RetHat Blog]].
    *[[http://www.redhat.com/en/blog/10-reasons-get-started-enterprise-linux-2025|RetHat Blog "10 reasons to get started with enterprise Linux in 2025"]].
=== 1.2 The CentOS Project ( CentOS ) ===
  *[[http://www.centos.org/|The CentOS Project]].
  *Versions: 
    *"CentOS Stream", "CentOS Hyperscale" ( CentOS stability built for massively large-scale deployments ) - No different versions for desktop and server.
    *[[http://wiki.centos.org/About(2f)Product.html|CentOS Wiki "CentOS Product Specifications"]].
      *"CentOS Linux 7 -  Latest Release 7 (2009). Supports i386 Systems (32-bit Pentium, AMD, Via)" = "Yes" :-).
      *"CentOS Stream 8 - Supports i386 Systems (32-bit Pentium, AMD, Via)" = "No" :-(.
  *Images:
    *[[http://www.centos.org/download/|The CentOS Project "Download"]] - As of 2025-07, there are "CentOS 10" & CentOS 9" for download.
    *[[http://www.centos.org/altimages/|The CentOS Project "CentOS Alternative Images"]] - CentOS  Live images.
    *[[http://vault.centos.org/|The CentOS Project "CentOS Vault Mirror"]] - "CentOS 8", "CentOS 7 ( 2009 )"...
    *[[http://cloud.centos.org/centos/|CentOS Cloud "CentOS Cloud Images"]].
    *[[http://www.centos.org/download/aws-images/|CentOS Cloud "CentOS AWS AMI Cloud Images"]].
    *Quay Registry - [[http://quay.io/repository/centos/centos|Red Hat's Quay.io "centos/centos"]] - "The official CentOS base containers. Recent Repo Builds: 6 years ago" :-(.
    *Docker Registry - [[http://hub.docker.com/_/centos|Docker Hub "Official Images / centos"]] - "DEPRECATED; The official build of CentOS. DEPRECATION NOTICE All tags of this image are EOL (June 30, 2024)".
    *The last release of CentOS for architecture: **AMD/Intel 64-bit (x86_64_v2)**.
      *[[http://web.archive.org/web/20250307214913/http://mirror.stream.centos.org/10-stream/BaseOS/x86_64/iso/|Archive.org "mirror.stream.centos.org/10-stream/BaseOS/x86_64/iso", 2025-03-03]].
        -"CentOS-Stream-10-20250303.3-x86_64-boot.iso".
        -"CentOS-Stream-10-20250303.3-x86_64-dvd1.iso".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS|EN.Wikipedia "CentOS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS|DE.Wikipedia "CentOS"]] - CentOS Stream 10 was released in 2024-12-12.
=== 1.3 Fedora Linux ( F ) ===
  *[[http://www.fedoraproject.org/|Fedora Linux]].
    *[[http://www.fedoraproject.org/workstation/|Fedora Linux "fedora WORKSTATION"]] - "The leading Linux desktop".
    *[[http://www.fedoraproject.org/server/|Fedora Linux "fedora SERVER"]] - "A Community Server OS".
  *[[http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/|Fedora Linux DL "Releases"]] - 39 .. 42.
  *[[http://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/releases/|Fedora Linux Archives "Releases"]] - 7.. 20 , 21 .. 40 ( workstation + server ).
  *[[http://apps.fedoraproject.org/|Fedora Linux "Apps"]].
  *[[http://packages.fedoraproject.org/|Fedora Linux "Packages"]].
  *[[http://docs.fedoraproject.org/|Fedora Linux Docs]].
    *[[http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-sericea/tips-and-tricks/|Fedora Linux Docs "Tips and Tricks"]].
=== Release Notes ( => Hardware Requirements ) ===
== Fedora ==
  *[[http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/fedora-and-red-hat-enterprise-linux/index.html|Fedora Linux "Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux"]] - "History of Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora".
    *Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 => Primarily **Fedora 19** with several changes from **Fedora 20** and later. **Fedora 20** is the last release without separate workstation and server edition.
    *Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 => Originally **Fedora 28**, later CentOS Stream 8, which was also based on Fedora 28.
    *Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 => CentOS Stream 9, itself based on **Fedora 34**.
  *[[http://www.openlogic.com/blog/centos-stream-10|OpenLogic "CentOS Stream 10: New and Notable Changes"]]. 
    *Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 => CentOS Stream 10, is based on **Fedora 40**.
  *Architecture: **AMD/Intel 64-bit (x86-64-v2)** Proposals & Discussion:
    *[[http://www.fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/x86-64_micro-architecture_update|Fedora Wiki "Changes/x86-64 micro-architecture update"]].
      *"Fedora currently uses the original K8 micro-architecture (without 3DNow! and other AMD-specific parts) as the baseline for its x86_64 architecture. This baseline dates back to 2003 and has not been updated since".
      *[[http://www.fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/Optimized_Binaries_for_the_AMD64_Architecture|Fedora Wiki "Changes/Optimized Binaries for the AMD64 Architecture"]] - "This is a rejected Change proposal for Fedora Linux".
    *[[http://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/f42-change-proposal-optimized-binaries-for-the-amd64-x86-64-architecture-v2-self-contained/142032|Fedora Discussion "F42 Change Proposal: Optimized Binaries for the AMD64 / x86_64 Architecture (v2) (self-contained)"]], 2025-01.
    *[[http://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/will-future-releases-require-x86-64-v3/131200/5|Fedora Discussion "Will future releases require x86_64-v3?"]], 2024-09.
    *[[http://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/what-happened-to-bumping-the-minimum-supported-architecture-from-x86-64-to-x86-64-v2/96787|Fedora Discussion "What happened to bumping the minimum supported architecture from x86_64 to x86_64-v2?"]], 2023-11.
== CentOS 10 ==
  *[[http://www.centos.org/centos10/|CentOS "CentOS Stream 10 Release Notes"]].
    *Architecture: **AMD/Intel 64-bit (x86_64_v3)** :-(.
  *[[http://developers.redhat.com/articles/2024/01/02/exploring-x86-64-v3-red-hat-enterprise-linux-10|RedHat Developers "Exploring x86-64-v3 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10"]].
  *[[http://access.redhat.com/solutions/7066628|RedHat "Deprecation of x86-64-v1 and x86-64-v2 x86_64 microarchitecture CPUs in RHEL9 / x86-64-v3 is required by RHEL10"]], 2025-04-14 - "Red Hat will upgrade the instruction set architecture (ISA) baseline to the x86-64-v3 microarchitecture level in RHEL 10 and x86-64-v1 and x86-64-v2 x86-64 microarchitecture level of CPUs will be marked deprecated in RHEL 8 and RHEL 9 and unsupported in RHEL 10" :-(.
  *[[http://www.infotechys.com/x86-64-v3-architecture/|Infotechys.com  - A blog for aspiring Linux Enthusiasts and Professionals "Everything You Need to Know About x86_64-v3"]].
== CentOS 9 ==
    *[[http://developers.redhat.com/blog/2021/01/05/building-red-hat-enterprise-linux-9-for-the-x86-64-v2-microarchitecture-level
|RedHat Developers "Building Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for the x86-64-v2 microarchitecture level"]], 2021-01.
    *Architecture: **AMD/Intel 64-bit (x86-64-v2)** :-(.
== CentOS 7, 8 ==
  *[[http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals(2f)ReleaseNotes.html|CentOS Wiki "Release Notes for End of Life CentOS products"]].
  *Wiki [[http://wiki.centos.org/|CentOS Wiki]] - "This is a read-only archived version of wiki.centos.org".
    *[[http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals(2f)ReleaseNotes(2f)CentOS8(2e)2011.html|CentOS Wiki "CentOS-8 (2011) Release Notes"]] - "At least 2 GB RAM are required to install and use CentOS-8 (2011). At least 4 GB RAM is recommended".
    *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://wiki.centos.org/action/show/Manuals/ReleaseNotes/CentOS7.2009|Archive.org "CentOS-7 (2009) Release Notes"]] ( - 2023-08-30 ) - "At least 1280 MB RAM is required to install and use CentOS-7 (1810). When using the Live ISOs for install, 1280 MB RAM produces very slow results and even some install failures. At least 1536 MB RAM is recommended for LiveGNOME or LiveKDE installs".
==== 2 OpenEL Association - AlmaLinux ( Alma ), Oracle Linux ( OL ), Rocky Linux ( RL ), openSUSE with GRUB Bootloader ====
=== OpenEL Association ( OpenELA ) ===
  *[[http://www.openela.org/|OpenEL Association]] ( OpenELA ) - Trade association of open source **E**nterprise **L**inux distribution developers.
=== 2.1 AlmaLinux ( Alma ) ===
  *[[http://www.almalinux.org/|AlmaLinux]].
    *[[http://www.almalinux.org/get-almalinux/|AlmaLinux "Get AlmaLinux OS"]].
    *[[http://wiki.almalinux.org/|AlmaLinux Wiki]].
      *[[http://wiki.almalinux.org/documentation/installation-guide.html|AlmaLinux Wiki "AlmaLinux installation guide (ISOs)"]].
        *[[http://mirrors.almalinux.org/isos.html|AlmaLinux Mirrors "AlmaLinux ISOs links"]] - 8.1, 9.6, 10, 10 ( x86_64_v2 ).
          *[[http://repo.almalinux.org/almalinux/10/isos/x86_64_v2/|Almalinux "almalinux/10/isos/x86_64_v2"]] :-).
        *"System requirements: ... Minimum 1.5 GB RAM".
      *[[http://wiki.almalinux.org/containers/docker-images.html|AlmaLinux Wiki "AlmaLinux OS Docker Images"]].
    *[[http://www.almalinux.org/blog/|AlmaLinux Blog]].
      *[[http://www.almalinux.org/blog/2025-05-27-welcoming-almalinux-10/|AlmaLinux Blog "AlmaLinux OS 10.0 Stable Now Available"]], 2025-05-27.
        *Extended x86-64-v2 life. ...**but we will also provide an additional x86-64-v2 architecture**, allowing users on that older hardware to continue to receive security updates for another 10 years.
      *[[http://www.almalinux.org/blog/2025-05-13-epel-10-kitten-v2/|AlmaLinux Blog "x86_64_v2 EPEL for the Enterprise Linux 10 World"]], 2025-05-21. 
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlmaLinux|EN.Wikipedia "AlmaLinux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlmaLinux|DE.Wikipedia "AlmaLinux"]].
=== 2.2 Oracle Linux ( OL ) ===
  *[[http://www.oracle.com/linux/|Oracle "Oracle Linux"]].
    *[[http://yum.oracle.com/oracle-linux-downloads.html|Oracle "Oracle Linux Downloads"]].
      *[[http://yum.oracle.com/oracle-linux-isos.html|Oracle "Oracle Linux Installation Media"]] - Oracle Linux 6.10, 7.9, 8.10, 9.6, 10.
        *Vagrant.
        *Oracle Linux container images:
          *GitHub Container Registry.
          *Docker Hub.
        *Cloud images in .ova and .qcow format.
        *Oracle Linux for Arm ( Raspberry Pi ).
    *[[http://blogs.oracle.com/linux/post/oracle-linux-10-now-generally-available|Oracle Blog "Oracle Linux 10 Now Generally Available"]].
    *[[http://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/oracle-linux/10/relnotes10.0/OL10-RELNOTES-10-0.pdf|Oracle Help Center "Oracle Linux 10. Release Notes for Oracle Linux 10]] ( PDF ) - "Intel 64-bit (x86_64) (x86-64-v3), AMD 64-bit (x86_64) (x86-64-v3)".
  *[[http://yum.oracle.com/oracle-linux-9.html|Oracle Linux 9 package repositories]].
    *[[http://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL9/developer/x86_64/index.html|Oracle Linux 9 (x86_64) Development - Packages for test and development]] ( Oracle developer channel for Oracle Linux 9 ).
  *[[http://yum.oracle.com/oracle-linux-10.html|Oracle Linux 10 package repositories]].
    *[[http://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL10/developer/x86_64/index.html|Oracle Linux 10 (x86_64) Development - Packages for test and development]] ( Oracle developer channel for Oracle Linux 10 ).
=== 2.3 Rocky Linux ( RL ) ===
  *[[http://www.rockylinux.org/|Rocky Linux]].
    *[[http://www.rockylinux.org/download|Rocky Linux "Download"]].
    *[[http://docs.rockylinux.org/|Rocky Linux Documentation]].
      *[[http://docs.rockylinux.org/guides/minimum_hardware_requirements/|Rocky Linux Documentation "Rocky Linux 10 (Red Quartz) – Minimum Hardware Requirements"]].
        *"Memory (RAM) - 2 GB minimum (text-mode install). 4 GB+ recommended for GUI installs".
    *[[http://www.rockylinux.org/news/rocky-linux-10-0-ga-release|Rocky Linux News "Rocky Linux 10.0 Available Now"]], 2025-06-11.
      *64-bit AMD/Intel x86-64-v3 (x86_64).
      *"All 32-bit packages have been removed from Rocky Linux 10. This means that 32-bit applications will no longer run on this version of Rocky Linux. Please use 64-bit libraries or containers with 32-bit dependencies instead".
  *[[http://www.infotechys.com/install-rocky-linux-9-5/|Infotechys.com - A blog for aspiring Linux Enthusiasts and Professionals "Install Rocky Linux 9.5 in 12 Easy Steps: A Complete Guide"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Rocky Linux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Rocky Linux"]].
=== 2.4 openSUSE ( formerly: SUSE Linux ) & SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) ===
== 2.4.1 SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) ===
  *[[http://www.suse.com/|SUSE]].
    *[[http://www.suse.com/products/server/|SUSE "SUSE Linux Enterprise Server ( SLES )"]].
== 2.4.2 SUSE Multi-Linux Support ( formerly: SUSE Liberty Linux ) ===
  *[[http://www.suse.com/products/multi-linux-support/|SUSE "SUSE Multi-Linux Support"]].
== 2.4.3 openSUSE ( formerly: SUSE Linux ) ===
  *[[http://www.opensuse.org/|openSUSE]].
    *[[http://de.opensuse.org/|openSUSE Wiki]].
  *Versions:
    *"State-of-the-art desktop and server operating system" - No different versions for desktop and server.
    *"Minimal Virtual Machine".
      *Intel or AMD 64-bit servers (x86_64): KVM and XEN image, KVM image with systemd-boot, KVM image with systemd-boot, MS HyperV image, VMware image, Cloud image.
      *UEFI Arm 64-bit servers and boards (aarch64): KVM and XEN image, MS HyperV image, Cloud image.
  *Downloads:
    *[[http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/|openSUSE Downloads "Distributions"]].
      *[[http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/leap/|openSUSE Downloads "Distributions - Leap"]] - 42.3, 15.x.
    *[[http://ftp5.gwdg.de/pub/opensuse/discontinued/distribution/|Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH Göttingen ( GWDG FTP5 ) "opensuse/discontinued/distribution/"]] - openSUSE 10, 11, 12, 13, leap ( 42, 15 ).
    *[[http://archive.org/search?query=iso+opensuse+images|Archive.org - Search for "iso opensuse images"]].
    *[[http://iso.linuxquestions.org/suse/|LinuxQuestions.org ISOs "SUSE"]] - openSUSE images.
==== 3 Amazon Linux ( AL ) ====
  *[[http://aws.amazon.com/de/linux/amazon-linux-2023/|Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux 2023"]].
  *[[http://aws.amazon.com/amazon-linux-2/|Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux 2"]].
  *[[http://docs.aws.amazon.com/linux/|Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux Documentation"]].
    *[[http://docs.aws.amazon.com/linux/al2023/|Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux Documentation - Amazon Linux 2023"]].
      *[[http://docs.aws.amazon.com/linux/al2023/ug/deprecated.html|Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux 2023 - Deprecated Functionality in AL2023"]].
    *[[http://docs.aws.amazon.com/linux/al2/ug/what-is-amazon-linux.html|Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux Documentation - Amazon Linux 2"]].
      *[[http://docs.aws.amazon.com/linux/al2/ug/deprecated.html|Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux 2 - Deprecated functionality in AL2"]].
==== Software Repositories ====
=== Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux ( EPEL ) ===
  *Also available for AlmaLinux :-).
=== RPM Fusion ===
  *[[http://www.rpmfusion.org/|RPM Fusion]].
    *[[http://rpmfusion.org/Configuration/|RPM Fusion "Configuration"]].
      *2 separate software repositories:
        *"free" for Open Source Software (as defined by the Fedora Licensing Guidelines) which the Fedora project cannot ship due to other reasons
        *"nonfree" for redistributable software that is not Open Source Software (as defined by the Fedora Licensing Guidelines); this includes software with publicly available source-code that has "no commercial use"-like restrictions 
    *[[http://admin.rpmfusion.org/pkgdb/|RPM Fusion "RPM Fusion Package Database"]].
    *[[http://www.rpmfusion.org/Howto/Multimedia|RPM Fusion "Howto / Multimedia"]] - "Multimedia on Fedora".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Fusion|EN.Wikipedia "RPM Fusion"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Fusion|DE.Wikipedia "RPM Fusion"]].
=== pkgs.org ===
  *[[http://pkgs.org/|pkgs.org - Packages for Linux and Unix]] ( no "www" ) - "Alma Linux 10", "Alma Linux 9"...
    *[[http://pkgs.org/download/libvpx.so.6()(64bit)|pkgs.org "Libvpx.so.6()(64bit) Download for Linux (rpm)"]] ( no "www" ) - "VP8/VP9 Video Codec SDK" ( "libvpx-1.9.0-9.el9_6.x86_64.rpm" ).
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://wiki.almalinux.org/documentation/epel-and-rpmfusion.html|AlmaLinux Wiki "Installing EPEL and RPM Fusion"]].
  *[[http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/epel/|Fedora Linux Docs "Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL)"]].
  *[[http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/rpmfusion-setup/|Fedora Linux Docs "Enabling the RPM Fusion repositories"]].
  *[[http://www.fedoraproject.org/wiki/Forbidden_items|Fedora Linux Docs "Forbidden items"]] - "PLEASE NOTE: THIS PAGE IS NO LONGER UPDATED AND NOT CURRENT".
  *[[http://access.redhat.com/solutions/3358|Red Hat Customer Portal "How to use Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL)?"]].
  *[[http://tuxcare.com/blog/epel-linux/|TuxCare Blog "Understanding EPEL: Install and Use Extra Packages in Linux"]].
==== Hardware Resources ====
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64|EN.Wikipedia "x86-64"]].
    *Microarchitecture levels.
      *In 2020, through a collaboration between AMD, Intel, **Red Hat**, and **SUSE**, three microarchitecture levels (or feature levels) on top of the x86-64 baseline were defined: x86-64-v2, x86-64-v3, and x86-64-v4.
        *"x86-64-v2 - features match the 2008 Intel Nehalem architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions".
          *[[http://www.techpowerup.com/cpu-specs/core-i7-3630qm.c1218|TechPowerUp CPU Database "Intel Core i7-3630QM Specs"]] - "Release Date: Sep 30th, 2012" => "x86-64-v2".
        *"x86-64-v3 - features match the 2013 Intel Haswell architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions".
        *"x86-64-v4 - features match the 2017 Intel Skylake-X architecture, excluding Intel-specific instructions".
==== Resources ====
  *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major|DistroWatch "Major Distributions"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=redhat|DistroWatch "Red Hat Enterprise Linux"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=centos|DistroWatch "CentOS"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=fedora|DistroWatch "Fedora"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=opensuse|DistroWatch "openSUSE"]].
  *[[http://www.heise.de/tests/Linux-fuer-Admins-Alternativen-zu-CentOS-6446182.html|heise online - iX "Linux für Admins: Alternativen zu CentOS"]], 2022-02.
  *[[http://www.kofler.info/almalinux-10/|kofler.info - Bücher von Michael Kofler "AlmaLinux 10"]].
  *[[http://www.linux-magazin.de/news/rhel-fork-openela-stellt-quellcode-bereit/|Linux-Magazin "RHEL-Fork: OpenELA stellt Quellcode bereit"]], 2023-11.
  *[[http://en.opensuse.org/Lifetime|OpenSUSE "openSUSE Leap ( Lifetime )"]].
    *openSUSE Leap is the name for openSUSE's regular releases, which were previously known as just 'openSUSE' for versions 13.2 and earlier.
    *Leap Major Release (15.x) extends maintenance and support until a successor. The next major release will be openSUSE Leap 16.0. Leap 15's lifecycle fully aligns with SUSE Linux Enterprise.
    *The previous major version of Leap, 42, was supported for more than 36 months. A Leap Minor Release (42.3, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, etc.) is expected to be released annually. 
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE|EN.Wikipedia "openSUSE"]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE|DE.Wikipedia "openSUSE"]] - "Releases".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Oracle Linux"]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Oracle Linux"]].
===== Some other Major Linux Distributions =====
==== 1 Google Android ====
  *[[android.html|Google Android]].
==== 2 Arch Linux with Syslinux Bootloader ====
=== Software ====
  *[[http://www.archlinux.org/|Arch Linux]], 
  *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/|Arch Linux - ArchWiki]].
    *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Installation_guide|Arch Linux  - ArchWiki "Installation guide"]] #.
    *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch-based_distributions|Arch Linux Wiki "Arch-based distributions"]].
  *[[http://www.archlinux.de/|Arch Linux ( DE )]].
    *[[http://www.archlinux.de/|Arch Linux Wiki ( DE )]].
=== Arch Linux: Selecting the proper Syslinux Version for Arch Linux ===
  *Rufus message, when trying to transfer a “Arch Linux” image to a USB stick, for the first time:<code>
This image uses Syslinux 6.04/pre3-3-g05ac953c but the application only includes the installation files for Syslinux 6.04/pre1..
As new versions of Syslinux are not compatible with one another, and it wouldn't be possible for Rufus to include them all, two additional files must be downloaded from the Internet ( "ldlinux.sys" and "ldlinux.bss" ):

  -Select "Yes" to connect to the Internet and download these files.
  -Select "No" to cancel the operation.

Note: The files will be downloaded in the current application directory and will be reused automatically if present.</code>
  *I selected "Yes".
=== Reading & writing Text with a Text Editor ===
  *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/List_of_applications/Documents#Text_editors|Arch Linux "List of applications/Documents"]] - "1. Text editors".
  *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Help:Reading|Arch Linux Wiki "Help:Reading"]].
  *"Nano" is a popuar text editor for Arch Linux.
=== Installation ===
== Start of Installation ==
  *There is no easy-to-use ( textual ) installation script :-(.
  *Login as "root" ( no password needed ).<code>
archiso login:
root</code>
  *Message at start<code>
After connecting to the Internet, the installation guide can be accessed via the convenience script "Installation_guide".</code>
  *Set a German keyboard layout:<code>
$ loadkeys de-latin1</code>
  *Execute the interactive script which displays the installation guide ( "ArchWiki Atom feed" ), by<code>
$ Installation_guide
</code>
  *Change the terminal screen by ALT+CTRL+2, login as "root" to continue installation.
== Partitioning ==
  *Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ).<code>
$ fdisk -l
</code>

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Device ^ Boot ^ Start ^ End ^ Sectors ^ Size ^ Id ^ Type |
^ /dev/sda1/ | |  2048 |  2099199 |  2097152 |  1G |  82 |  Linux swap / Solaris |
^ /dev/sda2/ | * |  2099200 |  234440703 |  232341504 |  110.8G |  83 | Linux | 
^ | | | | | |

<code>
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Create a new DOS ( MBR ) disklabel with disk identifier 0xb113918b.
</code>

  *Create a new label. 
    ***o** create a new empty MBR ( DOS ) partition table.
  *Save & Exit.
    ***w** write table to disk and quit.
  *<code>
$ fdisk /dev/sda1
o
w
q
</code>
  *Reboot
== Formatting ==
<code>$ mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
$ mkswap /dev/sda1
</code>
== Mounting & enabling Swap  ==
<code>$ mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
$ swapon /dev/sda1
</code>
== Network Configuration ==
  *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Network_configuration|Arch Linux Wiki "Network configuration"]].
== Select the Network Mirror ==
  *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Mirrors|Arch Linux Wiki "Mirrors"]] - To enable mirrors, edit<code>
/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist</code>
and locate your geographic region. Uncomment mirrors you would like to use.
== Install essential packages ==
<code>$ pacstrap -K /mnt base linux linux-firmware
</code>
== Configure the system ==
  *Fstab<code>
$ genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
$ cat /mnt/etc/fstab</code>
  *Chroot<code>
$ arch-chroot /mnt</code>
  *Time.
    *[[http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=233908|Arch Linux Forums "[SOLVED]UTC time displaying local timezone time"]].
    *Generate "/etc/adjtime": <code>
$ timedatectl status
$ ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime
$ hwclock --systohc
$ timedatectl status
</code>
  *Localization.
    *Edit "/etc/locale.gen" and uncomment de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8 ( delete the leading "#" )<code>
$nano /etc/locale.gen

# de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8
^o
^x
</code>
    *Generate the locales by running:<code>
$ locale-gen</code>
    *Edit the "locale.conf" file, and set the LANG variable accordingly:<code>
$nano /etc/locale.conf

LANG=de_DE.UTF-8</code>
    *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Linux_console/Keyboard_configuration|Arch Linux Wiki "Linux console/Keyboard configuration"]].
    *Set your console keyboard layout persistent in "vconsole.conf":<code>
$ localectl status
$ nano /etc/vconsole.conf

#KEYMAP=us
KEYMAP=de-latin1

$ localectl status</code>
  *Network configuration.
    *default hostname "archiso", my hostname is "node9":<code>
$ nano /etc/hostname

node9</code>
  *Initramfs.
    *Creating a new initramfs is usually not required, because mkinitcpio was run on installation of the kernel package with pacstrap. 
    *[[http://man.archlinux.org/man/mkinitcpio.conf.5|Arch Linux Manpages "mkinitcpio.conf(5)"]].
    *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Mkinitcpio|Arch Linux Wiki "mkinitcpio"]] - "mkinitcpio is a Bash script used to create an initial ramdisk environment".
    ***I didn't modify anything for my system :-)**.
    *For LVM, system encryption or RAID, modify "mkinitcpio.conf" and recreate the initramfs image:<code>
$nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
$ mkinitcpio -P</code>
  *Root password. 
    *Set the root password<code>
$ passwd</code>
  *Boot loader.
    *Choose and install a Linux-capable boot loader on a non-UEFI system.
    *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_boot_process|Arch Linux Wiki "Arch boot process"]] - "Boot loader".
    *[[http://www.medium.com/@sacharin0/installing-a-bootloader-in-arch-f57e6fd5a9e7|Medium "Installing a bootloader in arch"]].
    *"The UEFI and non-UEFI boot options are listed at "/usr/lib/grub".
<code>
$ mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot
$ arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash
$ pacman -Sy grub os-prober
</code>

  *Error message:
    *[[http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/260989/arch-linux-grub-installation-error-airootfs|StackExchange "Arch Linux grub installation error 'airootfs'"]].
      *[[http://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=1225067#p1225067|Arch Linux Forum "[SOLVED] [GRUB error] "no such device" "vmlinuz-linux not found"]].
    *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/archlinux/comments/z97qvy/installing_for_the_first_time_while_following_a/|reddit "r/archlinux" - "Installing for the first time while following a tutorial (pardon my stupidity I'm very new) and keep getting the same error."]].
<code>
$ grub-mkconfig

/usr/bin/grub-probe: error: failed to get canonical path of 'airootfs'.</code>
<code>
#xxx doesn't work right now xxx
$ grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
$ grub-install --target=i368-efi --efi-directory=/boot/ --bootloader-id=GRUB
</code>
=== Resourcen ===
  *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major|DistroWatch "Major Distributions"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=arch|DistroWatch "Arch Linux"]].
  *[[http://www.ionos.ca/digitalguide/server/configuration/arch-linux/|IONOS "Arch Linux"]], 2023-01.
==== 3. Linux Distribution Family BSD ( FreeBSD, GhostBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD ) ====
=== 3.1 The FreeBSD Project ===
== Software ==
  *[[http://www.freebsd.org/|The FreeBSD Project]].
    *[[http://www.freebsdfoundation.org/|FreeBSD Foundation]].
      *The free PDF magazine [[http://www.freebsdfoundation.org/our-work/journal/|FreeBSD Foundation "Journal"]].
     ***In 2025-07, there is still a 32-bit x86 distribution :-)**.
     *The downloadable FreeBSD Image offers both an installation and a "FreeBSD Live System" option.
== ISO Images are just for CD/DVD ==
  *Rufus message, when trying to transfer a "FreeBSD-14.3-RELEASE-amd64-dvd1.iso" image to a USB stick<code>
The image you have selected is an ISOHybrid, but its creators have not made it compatible with ISO/File copy mode. As a result, DD image write mode will be enforced.</code>
  *[[http://forums.freebsd.org/threads/how-create-bootable-freebsd-usb-in-windows-for-freebsd-12-0-current-i386-20171213-r326820-disc1.63807/|FreeBSD Forums "How create bootable FreeBSD USB in windows for FreeBSD-12.0-CURRENT-i386-20171213-r326820-disc1 ?"]] - "We have specific images for memory sticks. The ISO images are for CD/DVD only".
  *On my computers the USB stick with DD image isn't recognized, so FreeBSD doesn't boot :-(.
== "memstick.img" Images are for installation on USB Sticks ==
  *[[http://www.superuser.com/questions/1075424/how-to-write-freebsd-image-to-usb-flash-drive|StackExchange "How to write FreeBSD image to USB flash drive"]].
  *USB sticks with "memstick.img" images are recognized on my computers with UEFI B and with non-UEFI BIOS and boot well :-).
== Installation ==
  *[[http://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/|FreeBSD Documentation "Chapter 2. Installing FreeBSD"]].
    *"Optional system components" - Suggestion not to activate any of the options.
    *"Partitioning Choices".
      *[[http://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/|FreeBSD Documentation "Chapter 22. The Z File System (ZFS)"]].
      *[[http://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/filesystems/|FreeBSD Documentation "Chapter 23. Other File Systems"]] - "FreeBSD has traditionally used the Unix File System (UFS), with the modernized UFS2 as its primary native file system. FreeBSD also uses the Z File System (ZFS), known for its advanced features, robustness, and reliability".
    *"System configuration". I choose additionally:
      *"[x] moused".
      *"[x] ntpd".
    *"Add User Accounts".
      *[[http://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#users-synopsis|FreeBSD Documentation "3.3. Users and Basic Account Management"]].
      *Google AI:
        *"Yes, during FreeBSD installation, you are required to create at least one user account, but you are not required to create a root user account".
        *"Yes, that's correct. FreeBSD, like most Unix-like systems, includes a root user account by default. This account is created during installation and is used for system administration tasks and accessing the full power of the operating system".
    *"Final configuration".
      *"Root password - Change the root password".
        *[[http://forums.freebsd.org/threads/what-is-the-login-root-password-of-freebsd-for-raspberry.68990/|FreeBSD Forums "What is the login / root password of FreeBSD for Raspberry?"]] - "The default passwords for the images are **freebsd/freebsd** and **root/root**".
        *Google AI: "**The default FreeBSD root password is often blank**, meaning there is no password set. If a password has been set, you'll need to use the passwd command to change it, or boot into single-user mode to reset it".
        *At the "FreeBSD Live System", you may login as "root", no password set.
      *"Hostname - Set system hostname".
=== 3.2 GhostBSD ===
=== 3.3 NetBSD ===
=== 3.4 OpenBSD ===
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major|DistroWatch "Major Distributions"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=freebsd|DistroWatch "FreeBSD"]].
  *[[http://forums.freebsd.org/threads/10-dos-and-dont-for-freebsd.65618/|FreeBSD Forums "10 Do's and Don't for FreeBSD"]].
  *[[http://www.hosttest.de/artikel/bsd-betriebssysteme-vergleich|Host Tests "BSD Betriebssysteme im Vergleich: FreeBSD vs OpenBSD vs NetBSD"]], 2023.
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution|EN.Wikipedia "Berkeley Software Distribution"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution|DE.Wikipedia "Berkeley Software Distribution"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems|EN.Wikipedia "Comparison of BSD operating systems"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergleich_von_BSD-Betriebssystemen|DE.Wikipedia "Vergleich von BSD-Betriebssystemen"]].
==== 4. Gentoo Linux ====
=== Software ===
  *[[http://www.gentoo.org/|Gentoo]].
    *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/|Gentoo Wiki]].
      *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Android|Gentoo Wiki "Project:Android"]] - "Gentoo on Android aims to provide desktop experience on Android mobile devices".
      *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Desktop_environment|Gentoo Wiki "Desktop environment"]].
        *Budgie, Cinnamon, Deepin Desktop Environment, Enlightenment, FVWM-Crystal, GNOME, KDE Plasma, LXDE, LXQt, Lumina, MATE, Pantheon, TDE, Xfce.
      *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Handbook|Gentoo Wiki "Gentoo Linux Handbook"]].
        *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Handbook:AMD64/|Gentoo "Gentoo Wiki Linux amd64 Handbook"]].
          *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Handbook:AMD64/Full/Installation/en|Gentoo Wiki "Gentoo Linux amd64 Handbook: Installing Gentoo"]].
        *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Quick_Installation_Checklist|Gentoo Wiki "Quick Installation Checklist"]].
        *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/User:Pietinger/Draft/Quick_Installation_OpenRC_for_an_UEFI_System|Gentoo Wiki, User:Pietinger "Quick Installation OpenRC for an UEFI System"]].
    ***In 2025-07, there is still a 32-bit x86 distribution :-)**.
=== Minimal Installation CD ===
  *The Gentoo Linux boots up with a textual command shell.
  *Login:
    *Minimal Installation CD - "livecd login: root ( automatic login )".
  *There is no easy-to-use ( textual ) installation script :-(.
=== LiveGUI - Basic Installation Parameters ===
  *Gentoo LiveGUI:
    *"System Settings / Keyboard / Layout" - "German ( no dead keys )".
  *There is no easy-to-use textual or graphical installation script :-(.
  *Free memory on systems:

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Desktop ^ free -m ^^^ cat /proc/swaps ^ Comment ^
^ ::: ^ Mem: total ^ Mem: available ^ Swap: used ^  "/dev/sda5 Used ^ ::: ^
^ LiveGUI USB Image, KDE Plasma |  1827 |  566 .. 572 |  0 |  0 | |
^ | | | | | |

=== Literature ===
  *[[http://www.scribd.com/document/88608185/OSP-Wrobel-Gentoo|Scribd "OSP Wrobel Gentoo"]].
    *[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Press|DE.Wikipedia "Open Source Press"]] ( 2003 - 2015 ).
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major|DistroWatch "Major Distributions"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=gentoo|DistroWatch "Gentoo Linux"]].
    *"Gentoo Linux has an advanced, source-based package management system called Portage. Portage is a true ports system in the tradition of BSD ports, but is Python-based and sports a number of advanced features including dependencies, fine-grained package management, "fake" (OpenBSD-style) installs, safe unmerging, system profiles, virtual packages, config file management, and more".
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/gentoo-linux-installation-guide/|Tecmint #1 Linux Blog "A Beginner’s Guide to Gentoo Linux Installation – Part 1"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Gentoo Linux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Gentoo Linux"]].
==== 5. The Slackware Linux Project with LILO Bootloader ====
=== Software ===
  *[[http://www.slackware.com/|The Slackware Linux Project]].
    *DokuWiki [[http://docs.slackware.com/|The Slackware Linux Project "Slackware Documentation Project ( SlackDocs )"]].
      *[[http://docs.slackware.com/slackware:install|The Slackware Linux Project "Slackware Documentation Project ( SlackDocs )" - "Slackware installation"]].
  *[[http://mirrors.slackware.com/slackware/slackware-iso/|The Slackware Linux Project Mirrors - "/slackware/slackware-iso/"]].
  *Live Edition of Slackware 15.0 (64-bit stable).
    *[[http://www.slackware.nl/|Slackware.nl]].
      *[[http://www.slackware.nl/slackware-live/slackware64-15.0-live/|Slackware.nl "/slackware-live/slackware64-15.0-live/"]].
    *[[http://www.liveslak.org/|LIVESLAK.ORG]].
      *[[http://download.liveslak.org/|LIVESLAK.ORG]].
=== Slackware Live ===
  *In Slackware Live Edition, the default user account passwords are "root" for the root user and "live" for the live user. It's recommended to log in as the "live" user and then use su or sudo to gain root privileges, as sudo will prompt for the "live" user's password.
  *On my Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ), after login as "Slackware Live User":
    *Desktop "Xfce Session" - The system hangs after login, while showing the desktop screen :-(.
    *Desktop "Plasma ( X 11 )", "Xsession default", "Plasma ( Failsafe )", "Plasma ( Wayland )", "Plasma ( Full Wayland ) ( Wayland )": The system crashes before showing the login screen. Or the system hangs after login before showing the desktop screen :-(.
=== Installation ===
== Keyboard ==
  *Keyboard Map Selection:
    -"quertz/de-latin1-noeadkeys.map" √ - Best choice.
    -"quertz/de-latin1.map" √.
    -"quertz/de-mobii.map" √.
    -"quertz/de.map" - QUERTY keyboard :-(.
    -"quertz/de_alt_UTF-8.map" - QUERTY keyboard :-(.
  *Manual installation process:
    *"To partition your hard drive(s), use 'cfdisk' or 'fdisk'. To start the main installation ( after partitioning ), type 'setup'".
== Cfdisk, Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ==

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Device ^ Boot ^ Start ^ End ^ Sectors ^ Size ^ Id ^ Type |
^ /dev/sda1/ | |  2048 |  2099199 |  2097152 |  1G |  82 |  Linux swap |
^ /dev/sda2/ | * |  2099200 |  234440703 |  232341504 |  110.8G |  83 | Linux | 
^ | | | | | |

  *Select partition type:
    *"/dev/sda1/" - 82 ( Linux Swap ). 
    *"/dev/sda2/" - 83 ( Linux ).
  *Configuration tool "Setup".
    *Main menu, "Configure".
      *"Select Default Window Manager For X".
  *Free memory on systems:

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Desktop ^ free -m ^^^ cat /proc/swaps ^ Back to text console ^ Comment ^
^ ::: ^ Mem: total ^ Mem: available ^ Swap: used ^  "/dev/sda5 Used ^ ::: ^ ::: ^
^ Textmode |  1845 |  1415 |  0 |  0 | | | 
^ KDE: KDE Plasma Desktop |  1845 |  683 |  0 |  0 | "..Leave" | |
^ The Cholesterol Free Desktop Environment ( Xfce ) |  1845 |  911 |  0 |  0 | "Log out root / Log Out" | |
^ The fluxbox window manager |  1845 |  1271 |  0 |  0 | "Fluxbox menu / Exit" |
^ The blackbox window manager |  1845 |  1269 |  0 |  0 | "blackbox menu / Exit" | |
^ Windowmaker |  1845 |  954 |  0 |  0 | "Exit Windows Maker" | |
^ F(?) Virtual Window Manager ( version 2.xx ) |  1845 |  953 |  0 |  0 | "Quit" | |
^ Tab Window Manager ( very basic ) |  1845 |  953 |  0 |  0 | - | |
^ Motif WM |  - |  - |  0 |  0 | | |
^ | | | | | | |

=== Desktops ===
  *Select deskop:<code>
xwmconfig
</code>
  *Start deskop from textmode prompt:<code>
startx
</code>
  *Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000", with "Motif WM" deskop manager: The computer hangs after loading the graphics screen :-(.
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/install_slackware_1.html|Dedoimedo. A Place to Learn a Lot About a Lot "Installing Slackware Linux - Part 1"]].
  *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major|DistroWatch "Major Distributions"]].
    *[[http://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=slackware|DistroWatch "Slackware Linux"]].
  *[[http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/change-desktop-environment-4175699914/|LinuxQuestions " Change desktop environment "]] - "xwmconfig".
  *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/xfce/comments/20foc0/whats_the_origin_of_cholesterol_free_desktop/|reddit "r/xfce" - "What's the origin of 'Cholesterol Free Desktop Environment'?"]].
===== Some other Linux Distributions =====
==== Meta - Distribution / Multi - Distribution ====
  *[[http://puppylinux-woof-ce.github.io/|GitHub.io "Puppy Linux"]] - "A collection of multiple Linux distributions".
==== General Linux Distributions ====
  *Education on and with Linux.
    *[[http://www.edubuntu.org/|edubuntu]] - "The free education oriented operating system for kids of all ages".
    *[[http://www.qimo4kids.com/|Qimo for Kids]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_OpenLinux|EN.Wikipedia "Caldera OpenLinux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_OpenLinux|DE.Wikipedia "Caldera OpenLinux"]] - OpenDos,..
  *[[http://www.caelinux.com/|CAELinux.com]] - "The computer aided engineering Linux distribution".
    *[[http://www.caelinux.org/|CAELinux Wiki]] .
  *gOS ( [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOS_%28operating_system%29|EN.Wikipedia "gOS (operating system)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOS_%28Betriebssystem%29|DE.Wikipedia "gOS (Betriebssystem)"]] ).
  *[[http://www.nixos.org/|NixOS]] - "NixOS is a Linux distribution with a unique approach to package and configuration management. Built on top of the Nix package manager, it is completely declarative, makes upgrading systems reliable, and has many other advantages".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NixOS|EN.Wikipedia "NixOS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NixOS|DE.Wikipedia "NixOS"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_package_manager|EN.Wikipedia "Nix package manager"]], [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_%28Paketmanager%29|DE.Wikipedia "Nix (Paketmanager)"]].
  *[[http://www.puppylinux.org/|Puppy Linux]] - A "Live System" which does not require installation on a harddisk.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Puppy Linux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Puppy Linux"]].

==== Lightweight Linux Distributions ====
  *[[http://alinux.pw/|aLinux OS & Fine Art Photography]] -> Download of [[http://alinux.pw/aLive-17.0b3.iso|aLinux ISO]] ( ISO ).
    *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALinux|Archive.org "EN.Wikipedia 'aLinux'"]] ( - 2015-10-07, formerly: "Peanut Linux" ).
      *Requirements:
        *486 SX/DX or higher processor (CPU).
        *64 MB RAM (128 MB recommended).
        *2 GB free hard disk drive space.
        *CD-ROM drive (burner required to burn ISO).
  *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.freecode.com/projects/blueflops/|Archive.org "free(code) 'blueflops'"]] ( - 2016-04-18 ).
    *"A two-floppy Linux distribution with a graphical Web browser".
    *"The kernel was upgraded to 2.6.12.3".
  *[[http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/|Damn Small Linux]].
    *"A very versatile 50MB mini desktop oriented Linux distribution".
    *"Run light enough to power a 486DX with 16MB of Ram".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Damn Small Linux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Damn Small Linux"]].
  *[[http://www.mikelev.in/ux/|Mike Levin "LEVIN/UX - A Micro Linux Distribution for Education"]], [[http://www.github.com/miklevin|GitHub "miklevin (Mike Levin)"]] - "The micro Linux distribution known as Levinux (download ~25 MB) is a tiny virtual Linux server that runs from USB or Dropbox with a double-click (no install or admin rights required) on Macs, Windows or Linux PCs", "with an emphasis on an actual running Python/Flask web app".
  *[[http://www.slitaz.org/|SliTaz GNU/Linux]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SliTaz_GNU/Linux|EN.Wikipedia "SliTaz GNU/Linux"]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TazLiTo|EN.Wikipedia "TazLiTo"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SliTaz|DE.Wikipedia "SliTaz"]] - "SliTaz can even run in 24 MB <del>16 MB</del> of RAM and a little swap memory".
  *[[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/|Tiny Core Linux]] - "It starts with a recent Linux kernel, vmlinuz, and our root filesystem and start-up scripts packaged with a basic set of kernel modules in core.gz. Core (10MB)".
  *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.xandros.com/|Archive.org "Xandros"]] ( 2013-04-30 ) - a Linux for Asus901.
    *[[http://www.google.com/search?q=Xandros+Asus901|Google - Search for "Xandros Asus901"]].
==== Linux on Smartphones ====
=== Android ===
  *See [[android.html|Google Android]].
=== Chrome OS ===
    *See [[android08.html|Android 8/15 - Hardware]] => "Chromebook - A true Notebook, but not a true Android Device".
=== Gentoo ===
    *See on this page.
=== Firefox OS & KaiOS ===
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox_OS|EN.Wikipedia "Firefox OS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox_OS|DE.Wikipedia "Firefox OS"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiOS|EN.Wikipedia "KaiOS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiOS|DE.Wikipedia "KaiOS"]].
=== webOS ===
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS|EN.Wikipedia "WebOS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_WebOS|DE.Wikipedia "Open WebOS"]].
==== Special Purpose Linux Distributions ====
  *[[http://www.coyotelinux.com/|Coyote Linux Internet Security Software]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Coyote Linux"]].
  *[[http://www.endian.com/|Endian]].
    *[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endian_Firewall|EN.Wikipedia "Endian Firewall"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endian_Firewall|DE.Wikipedia "Endian Firewall"]].
  *[[http://www.fli4l.de/|fli4L]] - 1-disk Linux router.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fli4l|EN.Wikipedia "fli4l"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fli4l|DE.Wikipedia "fli4l"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Linux_Router_Project|EN.Wikipedia "The Linux Router Project"]].
  *[[http://phlakproject.sourceforge.net/|PHLAK]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/phlakproject/|PHLAK]] - "A Linux distribution Live CD based on Morphix, that focuses on providing network security tools".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLAK|EN.Wikipedia "PHLAK"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLAK|DE.Wikipedia "PHLAK"]].
  *Trinux / ubuntutrinux.
    *[[http://trinux.sourceforge.net/legacy/|SourceForge "Trinux Legacy - What is Trinux?"]], [[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http:/www.trinux.org/|Archive.org "Trinux"]] ( - 2006-04-23 ).
    *[[http://www.linkedin.com/in/mattdfranz|LinkedIn "Matt Franz"]].
    *[[http://code.google.com/p/ubuntutrinux/|ubuntutrinux]].
    *[[http://trinux.sourceforge.net/legacy/|Sourceforge "Trinux: A Linux Security Toolkit"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/trinux/|Sourceforge "Trinux: A Linux Security Toolkit"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinux|EN.Wikipedia "Trinux"]].
    *[[http://www.bernd-roehling.de/trinux/index.shtml|Bernd Röhling "Trinux Learning Page"]].
==== Special Linux & Embedded Linux on Smart Devices, Smartphones, Tablets ====
  *[[http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/|The Ångström distribution]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_distribution|EN.Wikipedia "Ångström distribution"]].
    *I was told by experts in 2015-10, that the Ångström distribution is now "Yocto compatible" :-).
  *The commercial [[http://www.embedded-platform.com/|Arrow Electronics Inc "ARROW Embedded Platform Concept"]] ( "Arrow EPC" ).
  *[[http://elks.sourceforge.net/|Sourceforge "ELKS, The Embeddable Linux Kernel System"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/elks/|Sourceforge "ELKS, The Embeddable Linux Kernel System"]] - "16-bit Linux" for 8086, 8088.
   *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibeRTOS|EN.Wikipedia "LibeRTOS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibeRTOS|DE.Wikipedia "LibeRTOS"]].
    *[[http://www.ittc.ku.edu/kurt/|KURT Linux (Kansas University Real-Time Linux)]].
  *[[http://www.open-realtime-linux.de/|Open Real-Time Linux Projekt]].
  *[[http://www.linaro.org/|Linaro]] - "Work with the industry leaders, building the future of Open Source Software on ARM"
    *Wiki [[http://wiki.linaro.org/|Linaro Wiki]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaro|EN.Wikipedia "Linaro"]].
  *[[http://www.openwrt.org/|OpenWrt - Wireless Freedom]] - "A Linux distribution for embedded devices".
  *[[http://www.osadl.org/|OSADL - Open Source Automation Development Lab]].
    *[[http://www.osadl.org/Realtime-Preempt.preempt-rt.0.html|OSADL "Download the Realtime-Preempt Kernel Patch"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTLinux|EN.Wikipedia "RTLinux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTLinux|DE.Wikipedia "RTLinux"]].
  *[[http://www.rtai.org/|RTAI]] - the RealTime Application Interface for Linux from DIAPM.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTAI|EN.Wikipedia "RTAI"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTAI|DE.Wikipedia "RTAI"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems|EN.Wikipedia "Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems"]].
  *[[http://www.tizen.org/|Tizen]]
    *Blog [[http://www.tizen.org/blogs|Tizen Blog]].
    *"The Tizen application programming interfaces are based on HTML5".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizen|EN.Wikipedia "Tizen"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizen|DE.Wikipedia "Tizen"]].
  *[[http://www.xenomai.org/|Xenomai]] - "A real-time development framework cooperating with the Linux kernel, in order to provide a pervasive, interface-agnostic, hard real-time support to user-space applications, seamlessly integrated into the GNU/Linux environment".
    *[[http://www.xenomai.org/documentation/xenomai-2.2/html/xenomai/|Xenomai "Xenomai - Implementing a RTOS emulation framework on GNU/Linux"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenomai|EN.Wikipedia "Xenomai"]].
==== Linux on Legacy x86 Hardware ====
  *Linux Kernel 3.8 does not support 80x386 / 80x486 CPUs anymore :-(. So Linux Kernel 3.7 ist the last kernel for 80x386 / 80x486 CPUs :-).
    *[[http://www.linux.com/news/software/linux-kernel/701695-linux-38-hello-2013-goodbye-386-chips|Linux.com "Linux 3.8: Hello 2013, Goodbye 386 Chips"]], 2013-02-20 - "The removal of support for Intel 386 chips".
  *Ubuntu 12.04 and newer are shipped and installed by default with a kernel wich require a CPU with [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension|EN.Wikipedia "Physical Address Extension"]] :-(.
==== Linux on Legacy 68K, Coldfire & PowerPC Hardware ====
  *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.uclinux.org/|Archive "uClinux"]] ( - 2018-11-13 ) - "Embedded Linux/Microcontroller Project", "The Linux/Microcontroller project is a port of Linux to systems without a Memory Management Unit (MMU)".
    *uClinux might be used on ARM platforms without MMU, e.g. ARM Cortex M3, ARM Cortex M4.
    *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.uclinux.org/ports/coldfire/|Archive.org "uClinux/ColdFire Project"]] ( - 2018-08-12 ).
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9CClinux|EN.Wikipedia "μClinux"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9CClinux|EN.Wikipedia "μClinux"]].
==== Operating System Builder, Build Systems ====
  *[[http://www.yoctoproject.org/|Yocto Project]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yocto_Project|EN.Wikipedia "Yocto Project"]].
    *eCos, CentOS, FreeRTOS, Linux (Angstrom), Linux (Debian), Linux (Fedora), Linux (kernel.org), Linux (LinuxPPC), Linux (uCLinux), Linux (OSADL), Linux (Slackware), Linux (Yocto), RTEMS -> named by VDC Survey.
==== SMP Linux ====
  *[[http://www.tldp.org/|The Linux Documentation Project]].
    *[[http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Parallel-Processing-HOWTO-2.html|The Linux Documentation Project "2. SMP Linux"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing|EN.Wikipedia "Symmetric multiprocessing"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrisches_Multiprozessorsystem|DE.Wikipedia "Symmetrisches Multiprozessorsystem"]].
===== Linux in the Cloud =====
==== Hosting Control Panel ====
  *[[http://www.control-webpanel.com/|CONTROL WEB PANEL ( CWP ). Free & PRO Linux Web Hosting Control Panel]], ( formerly: [[http://www.centos-webpanel.com/|CentOS-WebPanel ( CWP  ))]].
==== Jolicloud ====
  *[[http://www.jolicloud.com/|Jolicloud]].
    *Blog [[http://www.jolicloud.com/blog/|Jolicloud Blog]].
    *[[http://my.jolicloud.com/|My Jolicloud]].
    *[[http://www.facebook.com/jolicloud|Facebook "Jolicloud"]], [[http://www.facebook.com/apps/application.php?id=43059135403&ref=ts|Facebook "Jolicloud"]].
    *[[http://twitter.com/jolicloud|Twitter "Jolicloud"]].
    *[[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Jolicloud|YouTube - Search for "Jolicloud"]].
    *[[http://www.linkedin.com/company/jolicloud|LinkedIn - Companies "Jolicloud"]].
==== Resources ====
  *[[http://stadt-bremerhaven.de/betriebssystem-jolicloud-fuer-alle/|Caschys Blog - Web, Software, Hardware, Mobile Computing & co "Betriebssystem Jolicloud für alle"]], 2010.
  *[[http://www.micmox.de/blog/2010/01/18/mein-netbook-lebt-wieder-jolicloud-teil-1/|Micmox Die Ansichten des MM "Mein Netbook lebt (wieder) – Jolicloud Teil 1"]], [[http://www.micmox.de/blog/2010/01/20/ich-greife-nach-den-wolken-jolicloud-teil-2/|Micmox Die Ansichten des MM "Ich greife nach den Wolken – Jolicloud Teil 2"]], 2010.
===== Unix / Linux on Windows Host =====
==== Wubi ( Ubuntu Installer ) ====
  *[[http://wiki.ubuntu.com/WubiGuide|Ubuntu Wiki|WubiGuide]].
    *2014-06: "At this time, Wubi does not work with Windows 8 default boot-loader. Thus at this point Wubi would not work on a new Windows 8 machine".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubi_%28Ubuntu_installer%29|EN.Wikipedia "Wubi (Ubuntu installer)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubi_(Ubuntu)|DE.Wikipedia "Wubi (Ubuntu)"]].
==== Cooperative Linux ====
  *[[http://www.colinux.org/|Cooperative Linux]] - "The first working free and open source method for optimally running Linux on Microsoft Windows natively".
===== Major, advanced and special Linux File Systems =====
  *Microsoft SQL Server vNext of 2017-09 supports:
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|EN.Wikipedia "ext4"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|DE.Wikipedia "ext4"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS|EN.Wikipedia "XFS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS_(Dateisystem)|DE.Wikipedia "XFS (Dateisystem)"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs|EN.Wikipedia "Btrfs"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs|DE.Wikipedia "Btrfs"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|EN.Wikipedia "ext4"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|EN.Wikipedia "Ext4"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS|EN.Wikipedia "XFS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS_(Dateisystem)|DE.Wikipedia "XFS (Dateisystem)"]].
  *ZFS
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS|EN.Wikipedia "ZFS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS_(Dateisystem)|DE.Wikipedia "ZFS (Dateisystem)"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenZFS|EN.Wikipedia "OpenZFS"]].

===== Linux Desktops & Linux Display Managers for Linux Desktops =====
==== Desktops ( for Debian, RHEL, BSD Families, ... ) ===
  *GNOME & MATE & Cinnamon.
    *GNOME.
      *[[http://www.gnome.org/|GNOME]].
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME|EN.Wikipedia "GNOME"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome|EN.Wikipedia "Gnome"]] - "The MATE desktop environment is a fork of the GNOME 2 codebase".
    *MATE.
      *[[http://www.mate-desktop.org/|MATE Desktop Environment]].
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(desktop_environment)|EN.Wikipedia "MATE (desktop environment)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_Desktop_Environment|EN.Wikipedia "MATE Desktop Environment"]].
    *GNOME Flashback.
      *[[http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects(2f)GnomeFlashback.html|GNOME Wiki "Projects/GnomeFlashback"]].
    *Cinnamon.
      *[[http://projects.linuxmint.com/cinnamon/|Linux Mint "Linux Mint Projects" - "Cinnamon Projects"]].
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)|EN.Wikipedia "Cinnamon (desktop environment)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(Desktop-Umgebung)|DE.Wikipedia "Cinnamon (Desktop-Umgebung)"]].
  *Xfce.
    *[[http://www.xfce.org/|Xfce Desktop Environment]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce|EN.Wikipedia "Xfce"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce|EN.Wikipedia "Xfce"]].
  *KDE Plasma.
    *[[http://www.kde.org/plasma-desktop/|KDE "Plasma"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE|EN.Wikipedia "KDE"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE|DE.Wikipedia "KDE"]].
  *LXDE & LXQt.
    *LXDE.
      *[[http://lxde.sourceforge.net/|SourceForge "LXDE - Lightweight X11 Desktops Environment"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/lxde|SourceForge "LXDE - Lightweight X11 Desktops Environment"]].
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE|EN.Wikipedia "LXDE"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE|DE.Wikipedia "LXDE"]] - "The default window manager used is Openbox, but one can configure a third-party window manager for use with LXDE, such as Fluxbox, IceWM or Xfwm".
    *LXQt.
      *[[http://www.lxqt-project.org/|LXQt - The Lightweight Qt Desktop Environment]].
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXQt|EN.Wikipedia "LXQt"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXQt|DE.Wikipedia "LXQt"]].
==== Windows Manager for X11 ====
=== Software ===
  *[[http://www.fluxbox.org/|Fluxbox]].
  *[[http://www.ice-wm.org/|IceWM Window Manager]].
  *[[http://www.joewing.net/projects/jwm/|JWM (Joe's Window Manager)]].
  *[[http://www.openbox.org/|Openbox]].
  *[[http://www.windowmaker.org/|Window Maker]].
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager|EN.Wikipedia "Window manager"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenstermanager|DE.Wikipedia "Fenstermanager"]] - "A system software that controls the placement and appearance of windows within a windowing system in a graphical user interface".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_X_window_managers|EN.Wikipedia "Comparison of X window managers"]].
==== Display Managers ====
=== Software ===
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Display_Manager|EN.Wikipedia "GNOME Display Manager"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_Display_Manager|EN.Wikipedia "Gnome Display Manager"]] ( gdm3 ) for Debian with Gnome and Debian with KDE Plasma. 
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Display_Manager|EN.Wikipedia "KDE Display Manager"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Display_Manager|DE.Wikipedia "KDE Display Manager"]] ( kdm ) => KDE.
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightDM|EN.Wikipedia "LightDM"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightDM|DE.Wikipedia "LightDM"]] ( lightdm ) - "LightDM ist mit 5.000 Zeilen Programmcode weniger komplex als GDM mit 50.000 Zeilen".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager|EN.Wikipedia "Simple Desktop Display Manager"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager|DE.Wikipedia "Simple Desktop Display Manager"]] ( sddm ) for Debian with KDE Plasma.
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XDM_(display_manager)|EN.Wikipedia "XDM (display manager)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Display_Manager|DE.Wikipedia "X Display Manager"]].
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager|EN.Wikipedia "X display manager"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaymanager|DE.Wikipedia "Displaymanager"]] - "In the X Window System, an X display manager is a graphical login manager which starts a login session on an X server from the same or another computer".
==== Resources ====
  *[[http://www.askubuntu.com/questions/829108/what-is-gdm3-kdm-lightdm-how-to-install-and-remove-them|AskUbuntu "What is gdm3, kdm, lightdm? How to install and remove them?"]].
  *[[http://www.google.com/search?q=lightweight%20deskop%20linux|Google - Search for "lightweight desktop linux"]].
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/|TECMINT #1 Linux Blog "10 Best Linux Desktop Environments of All Time"]], 2024-08.
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/top-best-linux-lightweight-desktop-environments/|TECMINT #1 Linux Blog "13 Best Lightweight Desktop Environments for Linux in 2023"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system|EN.Wikipedia "Windowing system"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenstersystem|DE.Wikipedia "Fenstersystem"]].
    *Graphics "The basic components of a GUI: The display server implements the windowing system. A simple window manager merely draws the window decorations, but compositing window managers do more" #.
    *"A display server or window server is a program whose primary task is to coordinate the input and output of its clients to and from the rest of the operating system, the hardware, and each other".

===== Resources =====
==== Lists of Linux Distributions ====
  *[[http://distrowatch.com/|DistroWatch: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD]].
    *[[http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major|DistroWatch "Major Distributions"]].
  *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://rightwebpage.org/top-10-linux-distributions-which-one-to-choose/|Archive.org "rightwebpage.org @@ The Reasons Why We Love Internet 'Top 10 Linux distributions. Which one to choose?'"]], 2019 ( - 2020-08-20 ).
    *Manjaro Linux ( Arch Linux ).
    *Elementary OS ( Ubuntu ).
    *Solus.
  *[[http://www.lwn.net/Distributions/index.php3|LWN.net - Your Linux Info Source "The LWN.net Linux Distribution List"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions|EN.Wikipedia "List of Linux distributions"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Linux-Distributionen|DE.Wikipedia "Liste von Linux-Distributionen"]].
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/linux-distributions-for-old-computers/|TECMINT #1 Linux Blog "16 Best Linux Distributions for Older Machines"]].
==== Lists of Lightweight Linux Distributions ====
  *[[http://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/846633-best-lightweight-linux-distros|Linux.org "Best Lightweight Linux Distros"]].
  *[[https://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/780781-6-excellent-lightweight-linux-distros-for-x86-and-arm|Linux.org "6 Excellent Lightweight Linux Distros for x86 and ARM"]].
  *[[http://loll.sourceforge.net/linux/links/Distributions/Mini/|SourceForege "Loads of Linux Links", "Top: Distributions: Mini"]].
  *[[http://www.maketecheasier.com/best-lightweight-linux-distribution-for-older-computers/|maketecheasier "Best Lightweight Linux Distribution for Older Computers"]].
  *[[http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/8-of-the-best-tiny-linux-distros-683552|techradar.pro "8 of the best tiny Linux distros"]].
  *[[http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/10-of-the-most-popular-lightweight-linux-distros-1295034|techradar.pro "10 of the most popular lightweight Linux distros"]].
  *[[http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=676517&s=b0b21b54d96ed52980d9d1cc2bc4e0d8|Ubuntu Forums "What's the OLDEST computer you have installed linux on?"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Linux_distribution|EN.Wikipedia "Lightweight Linux distribution"]].
==== Lists of Lightweight Linux Distributions II ====
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/lightweight-linux-desktop-environments/|TECMINT #1 Linux Blog "6 Lightweight Linux Desktop Environments For Older Computers"]].
  *

==== Embedded Linux ====
  *Wiki [[http://www.elinux.org/|Embedded Linux Wiki]].
===== Deletion of multiple Partitions on USB Sticks =====
  *[[http://www.superuser.com/questions/536813/how-to-delete-a-partition-on-a-usb-drive|Stack Exchange "How to delete a partition on a USB drive?"]]
    *"I can recommend rufus. When you have a USB stick with multiple partitions attached, it will automatically select the USB-Stick, detect that it has multiple partitions and you can format the stick safely (select defaults - **non-bootable**, MBR)".
    *Or select "Boot Section" = "Non bootable" or if you really like "MS-DOS":-).
===== Appropriate OpenDirectory Directory Pages =====
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Embedded/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux: Embedded"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Platforms/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux: Platforms"]].
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Embedded/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Embedded"]].
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/Open_Source/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime: Open Source"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/Linux/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime: Linux"]].
{{tag>Linux}}
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