====== [hemmerling] Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ), The CentOS Project ( CentOS ), Fedora Linux ( F ), AlmaLinux ( Alma ), Oracle Linux ( OL ), Rocky Linux ( RL ), openSUSE, Amazon Linux ( AL ) ====== Related page: *[[linux.html|Linux 1/8]]. *[[linux02.html|Linux 2/8 - Linux Distributions]]. *[[linuxskills.html|Linux Skills & Skill Certification]]. ===== Installation from downloaded DVD ISO Images ===== ==== Selection of the right Distribution for the right Purpose ==== ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Customer ^^ Developer ^ Online Service Provider ^^ Comment ^ ^ Distribution ^| Fedora | AlmaLinux | CentOS, Oracle Linux, Rocky Linux ^ ^ ^ Designed for ^| Development, office | Server operation in cloud & datacenters ^^ ^ ^ Desktops ^ 7 | GNOME, KDE, Xfce, LXDE, Cinnamon, MATE, Sugar Desktop Environment | | GNOME, KDE ^ ^ ^ ::: ^ 8 | GNOME | | ^ ^ ^ ::: ^ 9 | GNOME | | ^ ^ ^ ::: ^ 10 | GNOME | GNOME | ^ ^ ^ Applications ^ 7 | Desktop + apps for development & office | | Desktop //**or**// server + apps for development & administration ^ ^ ^ ::: ^ 10 | | "Server with GUI" + apps for development & administration | ^ ^ ^ Stabiliy ^| Less important | Most important ^^ ^ ^ .rpm packages ^| Development & testing | Installation & operation ^^ ^ ^ 100% Compatiability to the later production environment ^| No | Yes ^^ ^ ^ ^ | | | ^ ^ ==== Using "Rufus 4.9.2256" on Windows to prepare a USB Stick as Media for RHEL, CentOS, F, openSUSE, AL Installer ==== === Drive Properties === ***Persistant partition size = "0" GB**. *Partition Scheme: "MBR". *Target system: "BIOS or UEFI". *[x] List USB Hard Drives. *[x] Add fixes for old BIOSes ( extra partition, align, ect. ). *[_] Enable runtime UEFI media validation. === Format Options === *File system: "FAT32 ( Default )". *[x] Quick Format. *[x] Create extended label and icon files. *[_] Check device for bad blocks. === ISOHybrid Images & DD Mode === *Rufus message, when trying to transfer a RHEL, CentOS, F, openSUSE image to a USB stick:


The image you have selected is an "ISOHybrid" image.
(_) Write in ISO Image mode ( Recommended ).
(x) Write in DD Image mode.

*I selected "DD". *With "ISO" for "CentOS Stream 10", there is the error message:


GRUB loading.
Welcome to GRUB!
error: file '/boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod' not found.
Entering rescue mode...

=== CentOS Stream 10: UEFI Bootloader === *Rufus message, when trying to transfer a “CentOS Stream 10” image to a USB stick:


Rufus detected that the ISO you have selected contains a UEFI bootloader that has been revoked and that will produce a "Security Violation" screen, when Secure Boot is enabled on a fully up to date UEFI system.

*[[http://www.reddit.com/r/CentOS/comments/1fxvxiv/centos_wont_boot_on_secure_boot/|reddit "r/CentOS" - "CentOS won't boot on secure boot"]] - "Revocation of UEFI bootloaders happens all the time and CentOS Stream 9 was released in 2023, so, yeah, it happens to be using a UEFI bootloader where vulnerabilities have been found and that has therefore been revoked, hence the message you see in Rufus. One would have expected CentOS to at least have released an updated version of CentOS Stream 9 that uses a non-vulnerable bootloader, but it appears they haven't done that". === CentOS Stream 10: Selecting the proper Grub Version === *Rufus message, when trying to transfer a "CentOS Stream 10" image to a USB stick, for the first time:


The image uses Grub 2.12-nonstandard-gdie but the application only includes the installation files for Grub 2.12.
As different versions of Grub may not be compatible with one another, and it is not possible to include them all, Rufus will attempt to locate a version of the Grub installation file ( "core.img" ) that mateches the one from your image.

- Select "Yes" to connect to the Internet and attempt to download it.
- Select "no" to use the default version from Rufus.
- Select "Cancel" to abort the operation.

Note: The file will be downloaded in the current application directory and will be reused automatically if present. If no match can be found online, then the default version will be used.

*I selected "Yes". === CentOS & Fedora / Fedora WORKSTATION & AlmaLinux, Oracle Linux, Rocky Linux === == CentOS 7 & Fedora 20: Installation Process == *Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ). *Installation warning message ( [[http://web.archive.org/web/20230716143734/http://wiki.centos.org/FAQ|Archive.org "CentOS Wiki 'FAQ'"]] ( - 2023-07-16 ) ):


Detected single cpu native boot.
Important:  In CentOS 7, single threaded, single CPU 64-bit physical systems are unsupported. Please see http://wiki.centos.org/FAQ for more information.
Warning: AMD processor - this hardware has not undergone upstream testing. Please consult http://wiki.centos.org/FAQ for more information

*Network drivers: No wireless support :-(:


Network & Host Name
Ethernet ( eth0 )

*Successful installation of both "CentOS 7" & "Fedora WORKSTATION 20" :-). *Notebook "ASUS K95VB" ( installation untested ). *Network drivers :-):


Network & Host Name
Ethernet ( enp2s0 )
Wireless ( wlp3s0 )

== CentOS Stream 8 & Fedora WORKSTATION 28 Installation Process == *GNOME desktop manager. *Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ). *CentOS Stream 8: *Network drivers: No network support :-(:


Network & Host Name
No network devices available

*Successful installation. *Fedora WORKSTATION 28: *Installations starts, but hangs by the message, before showing a graphics screen :-(:


Started User manager for  UID 1000.
A start job is running for Hold until boot process finishesup ( 44s / no limit )".

*Notebook "ASUS K95VB" ( installation untested ). *Network drivers :-):


Network & Host Name
Ethernet ( enp2s0 )
Wireless ( wlp3s0 )

== CentOS Stream 9 & Fedora WORKSTATION 34: Installation Process == *Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ). *CentOS Stream 9: *Installation warning message:


Warning: Deprecated hardware is detected: x86_64-v1:AuthenticAMD:Mobile Sempron 3600+ will not be maintained in a future major release and may be disabled

*The installation aborts with the message:


[ end Kernel panic - not synching: Attempted to kill init! exit code=0x00007f00 ]

*Fedora WORKSTATION 34 ( Live installation ) - Live installer loads. Successfull installation. After a software update the system boots again to the login screen. But after login, the screen gets black and the system hangs :-(. *Notebook "ASUS K95VB" ( installation untested ). *Installation warning message:


Warning: Deprecated hardware is detected: x86_64-v2:GenuineIntel:Intel(R) Core i7-3630QM CPU @ 2.40Ghz will not be maintained in a future major release and may be disabled

*Network drivers :-):


Network & Host Name
Ethernet ( enp2s0 )
Wireless ( wlp3s0 )

*Notebook "Hewlett-Packard HP 255 G5" ( installation untested ). *Installation warning message:


Warning: Deprecated hardware is detected: x86_64-v2:AuthenticAMD:EZ-7110 APU with AMD Radeon R2 Graphics will not be maintained in a future major release and may be disabled

*Network drivers :-):


Network & Host Name
Ethernet ( eno1 )
Wireless ( wlo1 )

== CentOS Stream 10 & Fedora WORKSTATION 42 & Fedora SERVER 42 & AlmaLinux 10 (x86_64_v2) == *AlmaLinux 10 (x86_64_v2): *Notebook "ASUS K95VB": *Network drivers :-):


Network & Host Name
Ethernet ( enp2s0 )
Wireless ( wlp3s0 )

*CentOS Stream 10, Oracle Linux 10, Rocky Linux 10: *Non of my hardware has a CPU with the architecture "AMD/Intel 64-bit (x86_64_v3)" :-(. *Fedora WORKSTATION 42: *Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ): No installation ( Live installer loads. But there was no harddisk installer :-(?! ). *Fedora SERVER 42: *Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ): Successful installation :-). *Base environment: -"Fedora Server Edition" - "Your current Fedora software selection requires 2.15 GiB of available space". -"Fedora Custom Operating System" - "Your current Fedora software selection requires 1.61 GiB of available space". === openSUSE: Installation Process === == openSUSE Leap 15.6: Installation Process == *Suggested Partitioning for "Dell Vostro 1000" *Create GPT on /dev/sda. *Default User: *[[http://forums.opensuse.org/t/default-user-password/75981|openSUSE Forums "Default user password?"]]. *"With the live CD, the default user is 'linux' and the password is empty for this user". *Create partition /dev/sda1 ( 109.79 GiB ) for / with btrfs. *Create partition /dev/sda2 **( 2.00 GiB ) for swap**. *On my Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ), just the installation of "openSUSE Server" is successful. All Installations of "openSUSE Desktop" crash and fail during the installation process. == openSUSE Leap 42.3: Installation Process == *On my Notebook "Dell Vostro 1000" ( 2 GB RAM ), the installation of "openSUSE Server" works fine. === Resources === *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/n0vw0k/minor_tip_if_installing_centos_82_using_rufus/|reddit "r/linux" - "Minor Tip: If installing CentOS 8.2 using Rufus, make sure to use "DD Mode" after clicking start..."]] ( CentOS 8.3.2011 ). *[[http://www.rootusers.com/how-to-start-gui-in-centos-7-linux/|RootUsers "How To Start GUI In CentOS 7 Linux"]]. *[[http://www.rootusers.com/how-to-install-gnome-gui-in-centos-7-linux/|RootUsers "How To Install GNOME GUI In CentOS 7 Linux"]]. ===== Basic Installation Parameters ===== ==== Memory requirements & Free Memory ==== *Free memory on systems: ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Desktop ^ free -m ^^^ cat /proc/swaps ^ Comment ^ ^ ::: ^ Mem: total ^ Mem: available ^ Swap: used ^ "/dev/sda5 Used ^ ::: ^ ^ CentOS 7 Minimal Install | 1871 | 1571 | 0 | 0 | Textmode | ^ CentOS 7 GNOME Desktop | 1871 | 997 .. 1032 | 0 | 0 | | ^ CentOS 7 KDE Plasma Workspaces | 1871 | 1113 .. 1144 | 0 | 0 | | ^ CentOS Stream 8, AlmaLinux / Oracle Linux / Rocky Linux 8.10 | 1651 | 688 .. 745 .. 803 | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora 20 GNOME Desktop | 1876 | 612 .. 645 .. 718 | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora 20 KDE Plasma Workspaces | 1876 | 65 .. 855 | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora 20 Xfce Desktop | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora 20 LXDE Desktop | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora 20 Cinnamon Desktop | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora 20 MATE Desktop | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora 20 Sugar Desktop Environment | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora Workstation 28 | - | - | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora Workstation 34 | - | - | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora Server Edition 42 | 1829 | 1455 | 0 | 0 | | ^ Fedora Custom Operating System 42 | 1829 | 1464 | 0 | 0 | | ^ openSUSE Desktop 42 with KDE Plasma | 1872 | 829 .. 987 .. 1076 | 0 | 0 | | ^ openSUSE Desktop 42 with Gnome | 1872 | 499 .. 737 .. 915 | 0 | 0 | | ^ openSUSE Desktop 15.6 with Xfce | - | - | - | - | | ^ openSUSE Desktop 15.6 with Deskop | - | - | - | - | | ^ openSUSE Server 15.6 | 1845 | 1508 | 0 | 0 | | ^ | | | | | | ===== Package Management & Package Installation ===== ==== DNF ==== *Installation of package PACKAGE_FILE:


sudo dnf update -y 
sudo dnf install PACKAGE_FILE -y

*[[http://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html-single/managing_software_with_the_dnf_tool/index|RedHat Documentation "Managing software with the DNF tool"]]. *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNF_(software)|EN.Wikipedia "DNF (software)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNF_(Dandified_Yum)|DE.Wikipedia "DNF (Dandified Yum)"]]. ==== RPM ==== *Installation of package PACKAGE_FILE:


sudo rpm -i PACKAGE_FILE

*[[http://access.redhat.com/solutions/1189|Red Hat Customer Portal "How to install or upgrade an RPM package?"]]. *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager|EN.Wikipedia "RPM Package Manager"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager|DE.Wikipedia "RPM Package Manager"]]. ==== YaST ( openSUSE only ) ==== *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YaST|EN.Wikipedia "YaST"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/YaST|DE.Wikipedia "YaST"]]. ==== Yum ==== *Installation of package PACKAGE_FILE:


sudo yum install PACKAGE_FILE -y

*[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(software)|EN.Wikipedia "yum (software)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowdog_Updater,_Modified|DE.Wikipedia "Yellowdog Updater, Modified"]]. ===== Applications ===== ==== Editor Application "vi" ==== *VI is the default textmode editor. *[[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/helpdocs/vi.html|Colorado State University, Department of Computer Science "Basic vi Commands"]]. *[[http://www.atmos.albany.edu/daes/atmclasses/atm350/vi_cheat_sheet.pdf|University at Albany, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences "vi Editor 'Cheat Sheet'"]] ( PDF ). ==== Editor Application "GNOME Text Editor" ( "TextEditor" ) ==== *Call


gnome-text-editor

*[[http://apps.gnome.org/en-GB/TextEditor/|GNOME Apps "TextEditor"]]. *[[http://www.heise.de/news/Linux-Desktop-Gnome-42-Der-Sprung-auf-GTK4-6613060.html|heise online "Linux-Desktop Gnome 42: Der Sprung auf GTK4"]], 2022-03. *"Nicht ganz so schlicht und simpel ist der neue Texteditor geraten, der für dutzende Script- und Programmiersprachen Syntaxhervorhebung und automatisches Einrücken bietet". *"Als herber Verlust dürfte aber vielen die fehlende Erweiterungsschnittstelle auffallen, mit welcher Gedit noch glänzen konnte. Noch sind Gedit und das bisherige Gnome-Terminal jedoch nicht komplett gestrichen – sie finden sich weiterhin in den Paketquellen der Linux-Distributionen". ==== Editor Application "nano" ==== *[[http://wiki.centos.org/EdHeron(2f)EditorDefaultNano.html|CentOS Wiki "Set Default Editor to nano"]]. ==== Editor Application "gedit" ==== === The Software === *[[http://www.gedit-text-editor.org/|gedit, a text editor]]. *[[http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=gedit|RPM repository "RPM resource gedit"]]. *[[http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/opensuse/tumbleweed/x86_64/gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64.html|RPM repository "gedit-48.2-2.1 RPM for x86_64"]] of 2025-04-17. === Installation Failure on Almalinux 10 === *I failed to install "gedit" on Almalinux 10 :-(.


sudo dnf install gedit -y

*Error messsage:


Error: 
 Problem: conflicting requests
  - nothing provides libgedit-amtk-5.so.0()(64bit) needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides libgedit-gfls-1.so.0()(64bit) needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides libgedit-gtksourceview-300.so.3()(64bit) needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides libgedit-tepl-6.so.3()(64bit) needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides libgspell-1.so.3()(64bit) needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(Amtk) = 5 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(Atk) = 1.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(GLib) = 2.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(GModule) = 2.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(GObject) = 2.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(Gdk) = 3.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(GdkPixbuf) = 2.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(Gio) = 2.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(Gtk) = 3.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(GtkSource) = 300 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(HarfBuzz) = 0.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(Pango) = 1.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(Tepl) = 6 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(cairo) = 1.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(freetype2) = 2.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline
  - nothing provides typelib(xlib) = 2.0 needed by gedit-48.2-2.1.x86_64 from @commandline

=== Resources === *[[http://www.infotechys.com/install-gedit-on-centos7/|Infotechys.com - A blog for aspiring Linux Enthusiasts and Professionals "Install Gedit on CentOS7"]] ( "https" only ). *[[https://infotechys.com/install-gedit-on-rhel8-or-centos8/|Infotechys.com - A blog for aspiring Linux Enthusiasts and Professionals "Install Gedit on RHEL8 or CentOS8"]] ( "https" only ). *[[http://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/10/html/10.0_release_notes/removed-features|Red Hat Documentation "10.0 Release Notes / Chapter 8. Removed features"]]. *"gedit is removed in RHEL 10. gedit, the default graphical text editor in Red Hat Enterprise Linux, is removed in RHEL 10. As an alternative, you can use GNOME Text Editor" :-(. ==== X11 ==== *Installation:


yum install xorg-x11-server-Xwayland

*[[http://www.reddit.com/r/CentOS/comments/1ipaajt/how_to_install_xorg_on_centos_10/|reddit "r/CentOS" - "How to install Xorg on CentOS 10?"]]. *"Xorg server is no longer included". *"Is the package **xorg-x11-server-Xwayland** installed? That's all you need to run X11 applications in a wayland session". ==== Resources ==== ===== Fedora Linux specific ===== ===== Red Hat Enterprise Linux specific ===== ===== The CentOS Project specific ===== ===== openSUSE (formerly: SUSE Linux ) specific ===== ===== Add Boot Option to UEFI BIOS ===== *See [[debian.html|Debian Linux 1/4]]. ===== Resources ===== {{tag>linux debian}}