====== [hemmerling] Unix 4/12 - Unix Applications, Unix Tools and Unix Drivers ======
Related pages:
  *[[booting.html|Booting from Devices]].
  *[[android.html|Google Android]].
  *[[lpicone.html|Linux LPIC-1]].
  *[[lpictwo.html|Linux LPIC-2]].
  *[[linuxskills.html|Linux Skills & Skill Certification]].
  *[[table11.html|TV Stations, Radio Stations 4/7 - Online Streaming TV Channel List]].
  *[[table12.html|TV Stations, Radio Stations 5/7 - Online Streaming TV Channel List]].
  *[[table13.html|TV Stations, Radio Stations 6/7 - Online Streaming TV Channel List]].
  *[[table14.html|TV Stations, Radio Stations 7/7 - Online Streaming TV Channel List]].
  *[[unix.html|Unix 1/12]].
  *[[unix02.html|Unix 2/12 - Linux & BSD Distributions]].
  *[[unix03.html|Unix 3/12 - Unix Boot Loaders, Unix Build Systems, Unix Installers and Linux & BSD Implementors]].
  *[[unix05.html|Unix 5/12 - SUSE 7.1 Linux on Clevo 2700c Notebooks with SIS630S Chipset]].
  *[[unix06.html|Unix 6/12 - Unix with X-Terminals and Terminals]].
  *[[unix07.html|Unix 7/12 - Unix on X86, X64 and ARM Computers]].
  *[[unix08.html|Unix 8/12 - Embedded Systems with Unix]].
  *[[unix09.html|Unix 9/12 - Virtualisation with Unix]].
  *[[unix10.html|Unix 10/12 - Unix Applications]].
  *[[unix11.html|Unix 11/12]].
  *[[unix12.html|Unix 12/12]].
===== Software Components of Linux =====
==== Daemon & Init & Service Management ====
=== First Daemon & Init ===
== dinit ==
  *[[http://www.github.com/davmac314/dinit|GitHub "davmac314 / dinit"]].
  *[[http://forums.freebsd.org/threads/dinit-the-service-manager-and-init-system.94837/|FreeBSD Forum "Dinit, the service manager and init system"]].
  *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/freebsd/comments/1kz8muv/dinit_on_freebsd_and_netbsd_and_zig_vs_rust_in_bsd/|reddit "r/freebsd", Thread "Dinit on freebsd and netbsd and zig vs rust in bsd"]].
== Epoch ==
  *[[http://universe2.us/epoch.html|Subsentient "The Epoch Init System: A New Beginning"]] - "Epoch is a single-threaded init system for Linux 2.6+, designed to be useful yet small and unintrusive. It uses a declarative configuration style".
  *[[http://github.com/Subsentient/epoch|GitHub "Subsentient / epoch"]] - "The Epoch Init System".
== finit ==
  *[[http://www.troglobit.com/projects/finit/|Troglobit "finit"]].
  *[[http://finit-project.github.io/finit/|GitHub.io "finit"]], [[http://www.github.com/finit-project/finit|GitHub "finit-project / finit"]] - "Finit is an alternative to SysV init and systemd, focused on small and embedded Linux systems, although fully usable on server and desktop systems".
  *[[http://manpages.debian.org/testing/finit/finit.8.en.html|Debian Manpages "FINIT(8)"]].
== launchd ( of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger ) ==
  *[[http://wiki.freebsd.org/launchd|FreeBSD Wiki "launchd"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launchd|EN.Wikipedia "launchd"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launchd|DE.Wikipedia "launchd"]].
== OpenRC ( of Gentoo Linux ) ==
  *[[http://wiki.freebsd.org/OpenRC|FreeBSD Wiki "OpenRC"]]  - "OpenRC was originally developed for Gentoo".
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/OpenRC|Gentoo Wiki "OpenRC"]].
    *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/OpenRC/openrc-init|Gentoo Wiki "OpenRC"/openrc-init"]].
  *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/freebsd/comments/14ul1gn/freebsd_init_systems/|reddit "r/freebsd", Thread "FreeBSD Init Systems"]] - "In fact, GhostBSD used to use OpenRC. Not very long ago, they switched back to the default rc that FreeBSD ships with".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRC|EN.Wikipedia "OpenRC"]].
== rc / rc.d & init ( of FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Gentoo... ) ==
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Rc|Gentoo Wiki "rc"]] - "rc is an ancient Plan 9 abbreviation that stands for run commands".
  *[[http://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?rc|FreeBSD Manual Pages "rc"]].
  *[[http://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?init|FreeBSD Manual Pages "init"]].
  *[[http://www.klarasystems.com/articles/rc8-freebsd-services-and-automation/|Klara Systems "Your Comprehensive Guide to rc(8): FreeBSD Services and Automation"]].
  *[[http://docs.freebsd.org/en/articles/rc-scripting/|FreeBSD Documentation "Practical rc.d scripting in BSD"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc_(Unix_shell)|EN.Wikipedia "rc (Unix shell)"]] - "rc (for "run commands") is the command-line interpreter for Version 10 Unix and Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating systems. It resembles the Bourne shell, but its syntax is somewhat simpler".
== Sun Service Management Facility / SMF ( of OpenSolaris, illumos ) ==
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Management_Facility|EN.Wikipedia "Service Management Facility"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Management_Facility|DE.Wikipedia "Service Management Facility"]] - "In versions of Solaris prior to Solaris 10, and in UNIX in general, services are configured in text files, with startup files in the /etc/rc.d/ directory trees, and configuration data in files such as /etc/inittab and /etc/inetd.conf. A typical system could have dozens of configuration files, and configuration could involve various methods, including editing shell scripts. With SMF, there is one consistent interface to ease administration".
== SysVinit ==
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Sysvinit|Gentoo Wiki "sysvinit"]] - "A collection of System V-style init programs originally written by Miquel van Smoorenburg. They include init, which is run by the kernel as process 1, and is the parent of all other processes. On Gentoo, it is a component of one of its two supported init systems, with the OpenRC service manager on top of it to implement the rc subsystem".
  *[[http://www.linux-community.de/ausgaben/linuxuser/2010/12/sysv-init-und-die-runlevel/|Linux-Community "SysV-Init und die Runlevel"]] ( from "LinuxUser 12/2010" ).
  *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Archiv/SysVinit/|UbuntuUsers Wiki "SysVinit"]] - "Die letzte Ubuntu-Version, die komplett SysVinit einsetzte, war 6.06 Dapper Drake. Das bis einschließlich Ubuntu 14.04 eingesetzt Upstart setzte die gleichen Befehl wie SysVinit zum Steuern von Diensten ein und SysVinit Skripte wurde von Upstart auch ausgeführt".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init|EN.Wikipedia "init"]] -"SysV-style".
  *[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SysVinit|DE.Wikipedia "SysVinit"]].
== systemd ==
  *Expert told me about systemd usage:
    *RedHat's first release with systemd was RHEL7, Fedora's first release with systemd was Fedora15.
  *Discussion about the error message "Unit systemd.service could not be found." :-). <code>$ sudo systemctl status systemd
Unit systemd.service could not be found.</code>
      *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/1okyi61/error_message_unit_systemdservice_could_not_be/|reddit "r/linuxquestions", Thread "Error message 'Unit systemd.service could not be found'"]], 2020-10.
        *"systemd.service is not a service, systemd runs services, and there are parts of it that do run as a service, such as 'systemd-journald.service' or 'systemd-timedated.service', but the daemon itself isn't a service, if you just do <code>systemctl status</code> it will give you an overview of the general status of the services.
      *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/linuxadmin/comments/1okyh7t/error_message_unit_systemdservice_could_not_be/|reddit "r/linuxadmin", Thread "Error message 'Unit systemd.service could not be found'"]], 2020-10.
        *<code>systemctl daemon-reload 
systemctl daemon-reexec</code> "is the closest to your intent. systemctl manages systemd".
        *"And just being able to use systemctl proves you have systemd".
        *"Red Hat has used systemd since it was introduced in RHEL7, and Fedora introduced systemd in Fedora 15. Previously both used Upstart".
   *Some other problems with systemd.
     *[[http://www.github.com/gophernicus/gophernicus/issues/83|GitHub "gophernicus / gophernicus", issue "Access Denied after Install #83"]]. <code>$ systemctl status systemd
Unit systemd.service could not be found.</code>
      *[[http://forum.level1techs.com/t/systemd-service-not-found/162071|Level1Techs Forums "Systemd Service (not found)"]].
      *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/devops/comments/uoemqn/systemd_unit_not_found_error_when_trying_to_start/|reddit "r/devops", Thread "SystemD Unit not Found error when trying to start service with an argument"]].
      *[[http://www.serverfault.com/questions/948506/systemctl-shows-service-file-not-found-even-though-service-file-is-present|StackExchange, serverfault "systemctl shows service file not-found, even though .service file is present"]].
      *[[http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/573760/service-file-exists-but-is-not-found-by-systemd|StackExchange, Unix & Linux "Service file exists but is not found by systemd"]].
      *[[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34501611/systemd-apparently-not-finding-service-file|StackOverflow "systemd apparently not finding .service file"]].
  *[[http://www.0pointer.de/blog/|0pointer Blog "Pid Eins"]].
    *[[http://www.0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html|0pointer Blog "Pid Eins", Article "Rethinking PID 1"]], 2010-04-30.
  *"Boycottsystemd.org".
    *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://boycottsystemd.org/|Archive.org "Boycottsystemd.org"]] ( - 2014-04-28 ).
    *[[http://sasecurity.fandom.com/wiki/Boycottsystemd.org|Sasecurity Wiki @ Fandom "Boycottsystemd.org"]].
    *[[http://www.without-systemd.org/wiki/index_php/Boycottsystemd/|Wiki "Without Systemd" - "Boycottsystemd"]].
  *[[http://people.debian.org/~stapelberg/docs/systemd-dependencies.html|Debian, Michael Stapelberg’s Debian Blog "systemd’s dependencies and installation footprint"]].
  *[[http://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-systemctl-to-manage-systemd-services-and-units|DigitalOcean "Manage Systemd Services with systemctl on Linux"]], 2025.
  *[[http://www.ewontfix.com/|EWONTFIX]].
    *[[http://www.ewontfix.com/14/|EWONTFIX "Broken by design: systemd"]], 2014.
    *[[http://www.ewontfix.com/15/|EWONTFIX "Systemd has 6 service startup notification types, and they're all wrong"]], 2014.
  *[[http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-965660-start-0.html|Gentoo Forums "Gnome 3.8 without systemd"]], 2013 - "Unfortunately, systemd seems to be getting a hard dependency of GNOME as of 3.8".
  *[[http://www.lwn.net/Articles/490413/|LWN.net "Udev and systemd to merge"]], 2012.
  *[[http://www.medium.com/@benmorel/creating-a-linux-service-with-systemd-611b5c8b91d6|Medium, Benjamin Morel "Creating a Linux service with systemd"]].
  *[[http://web.archive.org/web/20140220230511/http://www.monolight.cc/2011/05/the-systemd-fallacy/|Archive.org "monolight 'The systemd fallacy'"]] ( - 2019-12-09 ).
  *[[http://gentooexperimental.org/~patrick/weblog/archives/2013-10.html|Gentoo Experimental, Patrick's playground]]
    *[[http://gentooexperimental.org/~patrick/weblog/archives/|Gentoo Experimental, Patrick's playground "Systemd propaganda: It's a crap!"]], 2013.
  *[[http://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/system_administrators_guide/chap-managing_services_with_systemd|RedHat Documentation, System Administrator’s Guide "Chapter 10. Managing Services with systemd"]].
  *[[http://www.reintech.io/blog/managing-services-with-systemd-almalinux-9|Reintech Blog "Managing Services with Systemd on AlmaLinux 9"]].
  *[[http://www.siberoloji.com/systemd-understanding-units-services-alma-linux/|Siberoloji "Systemd Understanding Units and Services on AlmaLinux"]], 2024.
  *"systemd.io" & "freedesktop.org".
    *[[http://www.systemd.io/|systemd - System and Service Manager ( systemd.io )]].
    *[[http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/|freedesktop.org "systemd"]].
      *"This page has been obsoleted and replaced. All the new contents are on the new website [[http://www.systemd.io/|systemd.io]]".
    *"Yes, it is written systemd, not system D or System D, or even SystemD. And it isn't system d either".
  *System-V-Init, BSD-Init, Upstart, Systemd.
    *[[http://www.linux-community.de/ausgaben/linuxuser/2015/10/durchstarten/|Linux-Community "Systemd und SysVinit in der Praxis"]] ( from "LinuxUser 10/2015" ).
    *[[http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2011/11/init-systeme/|Linux-Magazin "System-V-Init, BSD-Init, Upstart und Systemd"]], 2011-11.
  *[[http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/65110/no-more-coredumps-after-migrating-to-systemd|Stack Exchange, Unix & Linux "No more coredumps after migrating to systemd [duplicate]"]].
  *[[http://the-world-after-systemd.ungleich.ch/|ungleich "The world after systemd"]].
  *[[http://www.without-systemd.org/|Wiki "Without Systemd"]].
  *[[http://www.wizardofbits.tumblr.com/post/45232318557/systemd-more-like-shit-stemd|Wizard of Bits "Systemd? More like Shit-stemd"]].
  *[[http://www.draketo.de/light/english/top-5-systemd-troubles|Zwillingssterns Weltenwald, Arne Babenhauserheide ( draketo.de ) "Top 5 systemd troubles - a strategic view for distros"]], 2013 - "systemd is a new way to start a Linux-system with the expressed goal of rethinking all of init. These are my top 5 gripes with it".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd|EN.Wikipedia "systemd"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd|DE.Wikipedia "systemd"]].
== Upstart ==
  *Expert told me about Upstart usage:
    *RedHat's latest release with Upstart was RHEL6, Fedora's latestest release with Upstart was Fedora14.
  *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Archiv/Upstart/|UbuntuUsers Wiki "Upstart"]] - "Upstart war ein Ubuntu-Projekt, welches den Systemstart von Ubuntu bzw. allgemein Linux beschleunigt. Es war geplant, dass Upstart mittel- bis langfristig auch noch weitere Aufgaben bei Linux-Systemen übernehmen sollte. Nach hitzigen Debatten bei Debian und einer Entscheidung für die Alternative systemd gab Mark Shuttleworth Anfang 2014 bekannt, dass auch Ubuntu ab 14.10 nach und nach umgestellt werde".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstart_(software)|EN.Wikipedia "Upstart (software)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstart|DE.Wikipedia "Upstart"]].
== uselessd ==
  *[[http://www.bitbucket.org/Tarnyko/uselessd/|BitBucket "uselessd"]] - "uselessd (the useless daemon, or the daemon that uses less... depending on your viewpoint) is a project to reduce systemd to a base initd and process supervisor, while minimizing intrusiveness and isolationism. Basically, it’s systemd with the superfluous stuff cut out, a (relatively) coherent idea of what it wants to be, support for non-glibc/non-Linux platforms, an approach that aims to minimize complicated design and various cleanups".
  *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://uselessd.darknedgy.net/|Archive.org "uselessd :: information system"]] ( - 2017-09-19 ).
  *[[http://www.github.com/abandonware/uselessd|GitHub "abandonware/uselessd"]].
    *[[http://www.github.com/abandonware/abandonware.github.io/issues/2|GitHub "abandonware/uselessd", issue #2]] - "As the original author puts out, I took over maintainership during January 2015, but serious development didn't happen since. I do not have the motivation nor the time nor resources to maintain it, so please add it".
=== Some other Daemons ===
== Desktop Bus ( D-Bus ) & it's Implementations ==
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus|EN.Wikipedia "D-Bus"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus|DE.Wikipedia "D-Bus"]] - Implementations: "libdbus, GDBus (GNOME), QtDBus (Qt/KDE), dbus-java and sd-bus ( part of systemd )".
=== Device Manager ===
== devfsd ( - Linux Kernel 2.4 ) ==
  *[[http://www.lwn.net/Articles/331818/|LWN "The return of devfs"]], 2009.
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devfsd|EN.Wikipedia "Devfsd"]] - "Since version 2.5 of the Linux kernel, devfs has been succeeded by udev and devtmpfs".
== udev ( Linux Kernel 2.5 - ) ==
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev|EN.Wikipedia "udev"]].
  *[[http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2005/04/knoten-knuepfen/|Linux-Magazin "Dynamische Geräteverwaltung mit Udev"]].
=== System Services Management & Process Supervision ===
== Daemontools ( legacy ) ==
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Daemontools|Gentoo Wiki "Daemontools"]] - "Daniel J. Bernstein's daemontools package, described by him as "a collection of tools for managing UNIX services", is the pioneer of what some people call today process supervision suites, i.e. packages that provide tools for performing process supervision. There are no further releases of daemontools after 0.76 (released in 2001), but other software packages have been inspired by its design principles, notably runit, s6, perp, nosh, and an enhanced succesor, daemontools-encore".
== Daemontools-encore ==
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Daemontools-encore|Gentoo Wiki "Daemontools-encore"]] - "A backwards compatible, enhanced version of Daniel J. Bernstein's daemontools package".
== runit ==
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Runit|Gentoo Wiki "runit"]] - "runit is lightweight process supervision suite, originally inspired by daemontools-inspired that offers fast and reliable service management. It can be used as alternative to sysvinit or systemd, either by itself or alongside OpenRC. Additionally, ```runit``` can be employed as a PID 1 init system or as a supervision layer, managing services defined by OpenRC".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runit|EN.Wikipedia "runit"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runit_(Init-System)|DE.Wikipedia "runit (Init-System)"]] - "runit ist ein Init-System für POSIX-Systeme, das als Ersatz für SysVinit konzipiert wurde. Es ist das bzw. ein Standard-Init-System von Void Linux, Dragora, Artix Linux[1] (arch-basiert) sowie antiX (ab Version 19, debian-basiert), Project Trident (ab Version 20.02)".
== S6, S6-rc ==
  *[[http://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-doc/s6-rc-man-pages|Gentoo Packages "app-doc / s6-rc-man-pages"]].
  *[[http://www.skarnet.org/software/s6/overview.html|Skarnet "An overview of s6"]].
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/User:Flexibeast/drafts/S6|Gentoo Wiki "User:flexibeast/drafts/S6"]].
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/S6|Gentoo Wiki "S6"]] - "A package that provides a daemontools-inspired process supervision suite, a notification framework, a UNIX domain super-server, and tools for file descriptor holding and suidless privilege gain. It can be used as an init system component, and also as a helper for supervising OpenRC services".
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/S6-rc|Gentoo Wiki "S6-rc"]] - "A service manager for s6-based systems, i.e. a suite of programs that can start and stop services, both long-running daemons and one-time initialization scripts, in the proper order according to a dependency tree. It can be used as an init system component, with a role similar to that of OpenRC for sysvinit + OpenRC systems".
== Suite66 ( 66 ) ==
  *[[http://web.obarun.org/software/|Obarun]].
    *"66 Sixty-six (66) is a service manager designed around the s6 supervision suite to simplify the implementation and management of service files on your machine".
    *"66-tools. A set of helper tools designed to simplify and automate various repetitive tasks commonly encountered in service script administration".
  *[[http://www.computerbase.de/news/betriebssysteme/obarun-arch-linux-ohne-systemd-als-schweizer-taschenmesser.77401/|Computerbase "Obarun: Arch Linux ohne Systemd als Schweizer Taschenmesser"]], 2021.
  *[[http://web.archive.org/web/20220516211604/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(software)|Archive.org "EN.Wikipedia 's6 (software)'"]] ( - 2022-05-16 ) - "66 ( suite66 )".
== systemctl, supervising systemd ==
  *"systemctl" on Ubuntu Linux, running as cloud service by the smartphone app [[http://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.app.interactiveshell|Google Play, Interactive Learning Platform "Interactive Shell"]].<code>$ systemctl
System has not been booted with systemd as init system ( PDD 1 ). Can't operate. Failed to connect to bus: Host is down</code>
  *[[http://www.krython.com/post/managing-system-services-with-systemctl/|Krython "Managing System Services with systemctl in AlmaLinux"]], 2025.
  *[[http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/systemd-systemctl-view-status-of-a-service-on-linux/|nixCraft ( cyberciti.biz ) "Howto / Linux / How to view status of a service on Linux using systemctl"]], 2025.
  *RedHat.
    *[[http://www.redhat.com/en/blog/getting-started-systemctl|RedHat Blog "Getting started with systemctl"]], 2020.
    *[[http://www.redhat.com/en/blog/linux-systemctl-manage-services|Red Hat Blog "How to use systemctl to manage Linux services"]].
  *[[http://www.siberoloji.com/almalinux-9-how-to-list-enable-disable-and-configure-services/|Siberoloji "AlmaLinux 9: How to List, Enable, Disable, and Configure Services]], 2024.
=== Special Programs ===
== chroot ==
  *[[http://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Chroot|ArchLinux Wiki "chroot"]], [[http://wiki.archlinux.de/title/Chroot|ArchLinux-DE Wiki "chroot"]].
  *[[http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-unix/chroot-command-in-linux-with-examples/|GeeksForGeeks "chroot command in Linux with examples"]].
  *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/chroot/|UbuntuUsers Wiki "chroot"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot|EN.Wikipedia "chroot"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot|DE.Wikipedia "chroot"]].
== hotplug ==
  *[[http://linux.die.net/man/8/hotplug|die.net "hotplug(8) - Linux man page"]].
  *[[http://www.kernel.org/doc/local/hotplug-history.html|Kernel.org "The history of hotplug"]].
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Init_system|Gentoo Wiki "Init system"]].
    *openrc-init, runit, s6 + s6-rc, sys-apps/s6, sys-apps/s6-rc, sysvinit, systemd".
  *[[http://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Comparison_of_init_systems|Gentoo Wiki "Comparison of init systems"]].
    *"Init system comparison table".
      *sysvinit, OpenRC, systemd, SMF, launchd, Epoch, finit, runit, s6 + s6-rc, s6 + 66, BSD rc.d, dinit".
    *"OpenRC compared to systemd".
  *[[http://www.nosystemd.org/|No systemd - Resources against systemd and alternatives ( nosystemd.org )]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init|EN.Wikipedia "init"]].
    -"Research Unix-style/BSD-style".
    -"SysV-style".
    -"Other implementations" - List of other init systems #.
==== File Systems ====
  *Microsoft SQL Server vNext of 2017-09 supports:
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|EN.Wikipedia "ext4"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|DE.Wikipedia "ext4"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS|EN.Wikipedia "XFS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS_(Dateisystem)|DE.Wikipedia "XFS (Dateisystem)"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs|EN.Wikipedia "Btrfs"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs|DE.Wikipedia "Btrfs"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|EN.Wikipedia "ext4"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4|EN.Wikipedia "Ext4"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS|EN.Wikipedia "XFS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS_(Dateisystem)|DE.Wikipedia "XFS (Dateisystem)"]].
  *ZFS.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS|EN.Wikipedia "ZFS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS_(Dateisystem)|DE.Wikipedia "ZFS (Dateisystem)"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenZFS|EN.Wikipedia "OpenZFS"]].
==== FreeIPA - Identity Management System ====
  *[[http://www.freeipa.org/|FreeIPA]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeIPA|EN.Wikipedia "FreeIPA"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeIPA|DE.Wikipedia "FreeIPA"]].
  *Experts claimed that FreeIPA on Linux might take the role for ActiveDirectory on Windows ( making use of LDAP, Kerberos, OTP ).
==== Printing on Linux ====
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUPS|EN.Wikipedia "CUPS"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System|DE.Wikipedia "Common Unix Printing System"]].
  *Nowadays, as of 2013-11, Linux systems load a hardware-specific kernel module, to enable general printing support. You need a special kernel module for each different printer( e.g. one module for PCL5, one for EPSON, one for PostScript,..) The printing is then configured by the help of CUPS.
==== Unix Subsystems for Windows, Windows Subsystems for Linux & Cooperative Co-Existence of Windows & Linux ====
=== Wubi ( Ubuntu Installer ) ===
  *[[http://wiki.ubuntu.com/WubiGuide|Ubuntu Wiki|WubiGuide]].
    *2014-06: "At this time, Wubi does not work with Windows 8 default boot-loader. Thus at this point Wubi would not work on a new Windows 8 machine".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubi_%28Ubuntu_installer%29|EN.Wikipedia "Wubi (Ubuntu installer)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wubi_(Ubuntu)|DE.Wikipedia "Wubi (Ubuntu)"]].
=== Cooperative Linux ===
  *[[http://www.colinux.org/|Cooperative Linux]] - "The first working free and open source method for optimally running Linux on Microsoft Windows natively".
=== The POSIX and Unix environment Subsystem for Windows ===
  *The Windows NTFS File System required for the installation drive :-(.
  *W2k, WinXP Pro, Win2003:
    *[[http://technet.microsoft.com/de-de/interopmigration/bb380242|Microsoft Interoperabilitäts- und Migrations-TechCenter "Windows Services for UNIX"]] - Windows Services for UNIX ( SFU ) 3.5 is available for free download.
  *Win2003, Win2008, Win7, Win 8, Win2012:
    *In Windows Server 2008 and high-end versions of Vista, Win7 ( Enterprise and Ultimate ) and Win8 ( Enterprise ), the recent “Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications” ( SUA ) is included. 
    *[[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=20983|Microsoft Download "Utilities and Software Development Kit (SDK) for Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications" for Win2003]].
    *[[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=23754|Microsoft Download "Windows Utilities and SDK for Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications in Microsoft Windows Vista RTM/Windows Vista SP1 and Windows Server 2008 RTM"]] for Vista, Win2008.
    *[[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=2391|Microsoft Download "Utilities and SDK for Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications in Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2"]] for Win7, Win2008R2.
    *[[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=35512|Microsoft Download "Utilities and SDK for Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012"]] for Win8, Win2012.
  *[[http://technet.microsoft.com/de-de/interopmigration/bb380242|Microsoft Interoperabilitäts- und Migrations-TechCenter "Windows Services for UNIX"]].
  *[[http://technet.microsoft.com/de-de/library/bb496474%28en-us%29.aspx|Microsoft TechNet "Interoperability and Migration"]].
  *[[http://www.debian-interix.net/|Debian Interix Port]].
  *[[http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-319691-postdays-0-postorder-asc-start-0.html|Gentoo Discussion Forums, Thread "GeNToo: Gentoo on Microsoft Services For Unix"]].
  *[[http://www.interopsystems.com/|Interop Systems Inc]].
    *[[http://www.suacommunity.com/|Interop Community]].
      *[[http://www.suacommunity.com/SUA.aspx|SUA Community for SUA / SFU / Interix]].
  *[[http://www.netbsd.org/docs/pkgsrc/platforms.html#interix|NetBSD "Chapter 3. Using pkgsrc on systems other than NetBSD" / "3.3.3. Interix"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX|EN.Wikipedia "Windows Services for UNIX"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Services_for_UNIX|DE.Wikipedia "Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interix|EN.Wikipedia "Interix"]].
=== Windows Subsystem for Linux ===
  *[[http://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install|Microsoft Learn "How to install Linux on Windows with WSL"]].
  *[[http://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-manual|Microsoft Learn "Manual installation steps for older versions of WSL"]].
  *[[http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/wsl|Canonical Ubuntu "The full Ubuntu experience, now available on Windows"]] - "Download Ubuntu on WSL".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux|EN.Wikipedia "Windows Subsystem for Linux"]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-Subsystem_für_Linux|DE.Wikipedia "Windows-Subsystem für Linux"]].
    *"In Windows 10, WSL can be installed either by joining the Windows Insider program or manually via Microsoft Store or Winget".
==== Tools & Toolsets for Embedded Linux ====
  *[[http://www.busybox.net/|BusyBox: The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux]] - "BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU fileutils, shellutils, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox provides a fairly complete environment for any small or embedded system".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox|EN.Wikipedia "BusyBox"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox|DE.Wikipedia "BusyBox"]].
==== Special Drivers and Hardware Configuration Tools for Linux ====
=== Graphics Card ===
  *[[http://www.github.com/ilya-zlobintsev/LACT/|GitHub "ilya-zlobintsev/LACT"]].
    *[[http://www.github.com/ilya-zlobintsev/LACT/releases|GitHub "ilya-zlobintsev/LACT/releases"]] - Download of ".deb", ".rpm" and ".zst" packages.
    *[[http://www.linux-magazin.de/news/lact-0-7-4-steuert-grafikkartenluefter-ueber-kurve/|Linux-Magazin "LACT 0.7.4 steuert Grafikkartenlüfter über Kurve"]], 2025-05 - "Das grafische Werkzeug LACT steuert Nvidia-, AMD- und Intel-Grafikkarten".
    *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/linux_gaming/comments/1gre9lt/lact_v060_released_now_supports_nvidia/|reddit "r/linux_gaming" - "LACT v0.6.0 released. Now supports nVidia!"]], 2024-11.
=== Joystick ===
  *[[http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~vojtech/|Vojta Pavlik]].
    *[[http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~vojtech/joystick/|The Linux Joystick Driver]].
    *[[http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~vojtech/input/|Linux Input Driver]].
=== PPPoE - Point-to-Point Protocol ===
    *PPPoE = Internet connection over Ethernet, i.e. DSL connection without router.
    *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*http://www.roaringpenguin.com/products/pppoe|Archive.org "Roaring Penguin 'RP-PPPoE'"]] ( -2022-01-19 ) - "free PPPoE client for Linux".
    *[[http://dianne.skoll.ca/projects/rp-pppoe/|Dianne Skoll "Software Projects / RP-PPPoE"]].
      *[[http://www.github.com/dfskoll/rp-pppoe|GitHub "dfskoll / rp-pppoe"]].

===== Video Playing & Contents Blocking =====
==== Verified Media Path ( VMP ) ====
=== Streaming Service "Joyn" refuses to operate on Linux Browsers ===
  *Joyn - Error message "Hoppla! Da ist etwas schief gelaufen. Kannst du andere Videos auch nicht mehr anschauen? Keine Panik, der Kundenservice hilft dir weiter".
  *[[http://community.joyn.de/fehlermeldungen-hinweise-37/fehlende-sicherheitsfunktion-bei-alten-browserversionen-manchen-browsern-und-linux-systemen-277|Joyn Community "Fehlende Sicherheitsfunktion bei alten Browserversionen, manchen Browsern und Linux-Systemen"]] - "In diesem Fall fehlt eine Sicherheitsfunktion namens Verified Media Path, die als Sicherheitsmaßnahme von unseren Lizenzgebern verpflichtend ist".
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://www.reddit.com/r/linuxquestions/comments/17iy637/drm_verified_media_path_vmp_on_linux/|reddit "r/linuxquestions" - "DRM & Verified Media Path (VMP) on Linux"]], 2023.
  *[[http://learn.microsoft.com/de-de/windows/win32/medfound/protected-media-path|Microsoft Ignite "Geschützter Medienpfad"]], 2025-03.
  *[[http://forum.ubuntuusers.de/topic/joyn-unter-ubuntu/|Ubuntuusers Forum "Joyn unter Ubuntu"]], 2020-09 - "seit ein paar Tagen geht Joyn (free) auf Linux nicht mehr" :-(.
==== Streaming Services ====
=== List of free streaming TV and Video Services ===
  *See "Related Pages" at top of this page.

=== Audio Streaming Services with Browsers ===
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Browser ^ Firefox ^^^^ Chrome ^^^^ Opera ^^^^ Error Message & Error Behaviour ^
^ Website ^ AL ^ DEB ^ UBU ^ U+REP ^ AL ^ DEB ^ UBU ^ U+REP ^ AL ^ DEB ^ UBU ^ U+REP ^ ^
^ [[http://music.amazon.de/|Amazon Music]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Firefox ESR 128.13.0esr (64-bit), 2025-08: "Firefox aktualisieren. Wir haben den Service aktualisiert und diese Browserversion wird nicht mehr unterstützt. Bitte aktualisiere deinen Browser" |
^ [[http://wwww.spotify.com/|Spotify]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ F: Doesn't start playing a song, though other website function like "Save to Library" works |
^ [[http://music.youtube.com/|YouTube Music]] | Yes :-) | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |

=== Messenger with Audio & Video Streaming Services ===
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Operating System ^ Windows ^^^^ Linux ^^^^ Android ^^^^ ^
^ Browser ^ Firefox ^ Chrome ^ Opera ^ Yandex ^ Firefox ^ Chrome ^ Opera ^ Yandex ^ Firefox ^ Chrome ^ Opera ^ Yandex ^ Error Message & Error Behaviour ^
^ Website ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ [[http://www.facebook.com/|Facebook]] | No | | | | No | Yes | | | | | | ^ Firefox 142.0.1 (64-bit), 2025-08: "Video calling is not supported on this browser", "Voice calling is not supported on this browser" :-( ^
^ | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |

=== Video Streaming Services with Browsers ===
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Browser ^ Firefox ^^^^ Chrome ^^^^ Opera ^^^^ Error Message & Error Behaviour ^
^ Website ^ AL ^ DEB ^ UBU ^ U+REP ^ AL ^ DEB ^ UBU ^ U+REP ^ AL ^ DEB ^ UBU ^ U+REP ^ ^
^ [[http://www.ard.de/|ARD]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ F: "Wiedergabefehler. Dieses Video kann leider nicht abgespielt werden" |
^ [[http://www.tagesschau.de/multimedia/livestreams/livestream1|Tagesschau]] | No | | | | Yes | | | | No | | | ^ F, O: "Wiedergabefehler. Wiedergabefehler. Dieses Video kann leider nicht abgespielt werden. Wir bitten um Ihr Verständnis. Wichtig: Inhalte mit Geoblocking können nur von Deutschland aus abgerufen werden" |
^ [[http://www.zdf.de/|ZDF]] | Yes :-) ???? No :-( | | | | No :-( | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.dw.com/|Deutsche Welle]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "No compatible source was found for this media" |
^ [[http://www.kika.de/|KiKA]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound |
^ [[http://www.phoenix.de/|phoenix]] | Yes :-) | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.3sat.de/|3sat]] | Yes :-) | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.arte.tv/de/|ARTE]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "No compatible source was found for this media" |
^ [[http://www.kabeleins.de/|Kabel1]] | No | | | | Yes  | | | | | | | ^ "Error. Sorry, the video can not be played. We offer you an alternative video which starts in a few seconds" |
^ [[http://www.joyn/|Joyn]] | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( | **//No//** :-( ^ Joyn refused Linux as host, due to missing "Verified Media Path" ( VMP ) implementation of the browsers :-( |
^ [[http://www.bild.de/tv/mediathek/livestream/startseite-77204148.bild.html|BILD Mediathek "BILD-Live Livestream"]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Ton einschalten". Video hangs, when started ( wait-animation ) |
^ [[http://de.euronews.com/embed/live|Euronews TV]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "An error occured. Please try again later ( Playback ID: XXXXX )". This is a YouTube live video, there error message "Your browser can't play this video" |
^ [[http://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/livestream/24-Stunden-ntv-Livestream-article9511936.html|N-TV]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Medium konnte nicht geladen werden. Fehlercode: 12400 Player-Id: XXXX. Session-Id: YYYY" |
^ [[http://www.welt.de/tv-programm-n24-doku/|WELT "N24 Doku"]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.welt.de/|WELT]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.weltderwunder.de/live-tv/|Welt der Wunder "Live TV"]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "html5: Unsupported video format" |
^ | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.aljazeera.com/|Al Jazeera]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "This video is either unavailable or not supported in this browser Error Code: MEDIA_ERR_SRC_NOT_SUPPORTED" |
^ [[http://www.bibeltv.de/livestreams/bibeltv|Bibel TV]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound |
^ [[http://www.bloomberg.com/europe|Blomberg Europe]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Black video screen |
^ [[http://www.cgtn.com/europe|CGTN Europe]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Error loading player: No playable sources found" |
^ [[http://www.cnn.com/|CNN]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Windows: "Unable to load video. Please try again later. Error code: XXXXX", Linux: Website asks for login to play the video |
^ [[http://www.deluxemusic.de/|Deluxe Music]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video hangs, when started ( wait-animation ) |
^ [[http://www.dmax.de/|DMAX]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video hangs, when started ( wait-animation ) |
^ [[http://www.hopetv.de/live|Hope TV Deutsch]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound |
^ [[http://www.k-tv.org/live-stream/|K-TV]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Your browser can't play this video" |
^ [[http://www.mtv.de/|MTV Germany]], [[http://www.youtube.com/@MTVGermany/|YouTube "MTV Deutschland"]] | Yes :-) | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/live/|NHK WORLD-JAPAN "Watch Live TV"]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video doesn't play at all |
^ [[http://www.nrwision.de/tv|NRWision "TV-Programm"]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Für diese Datei konnte keine kompatible Quelle gefunden werden" |
^ [[http://on.orf.at/|ORF ON]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Dieses Video darf aus rechtlichen Gründen nur in Österreich und ohne VPN (virtuelles Netzwerk) wiedergegeben werden". Or: Video is playing, but no sound | 
^ [[http://www.ritsatv.ru/genre-TV|RITSA TV "LIVE TV"]] | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.servustv.com/|ServusTV]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video hangs, when started ( wait-animation ) |
^ [[http://www.df1.de/|DF1]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Dieser Inhalt ist in Ihrer Region leider nicht verfügbar" |
^ [[http://www.sonlifetv.com/|SonLife "Watch"]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound. Video stops sometimes by the error message "Player error The player is having trouble. We’ll have it back up and running as soon as possible" |
^ [[http://www.youtube.com/sonlifetv|YouTube "SonLife Broadcasting Network"]] | Yes :-) | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.sport1.de/|SPORT1]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound |
^ [[http://www.tv5monde.com/de/|TV5MONDE Europe]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound |
^ [[http://www.tv5mondeplus.com/fr|TV5MONDEplus]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound |
^ | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://www.tv.de/|TV.de]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ "Der Live-Stream kann nicht abgespielt werden Folgende Browser können diesen Stream abspielen:" | 
^ [[http://www.zattoo.com/channels|Zattoo "Sender"]] | No | | | | | | | | | | | ^ Video is playing, but no sound |
^ | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ [[http://youtube.com/|YouTube]]| Yes :-) | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |
^ | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ |

==== Search for Resources ====
  *[[http://www.google.com/search?q=kabel1+linux+browser|Google - Search "kabel1 linux browser"]].
==== Video Codex Resources ====
  *[[http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=libvpx.so.6()(64bit)|RPM repository "RPM resource libvpx.so.6()(64bit)"]] - "VP8/VP9 Video Codec SDK AlmaLinux 9.6 AppStream for x86_64". It is installed with "Virtualbox", automatically? Or is is required by "Virtualbox"?
==== Resources ====
  *[[http://www.computerbase.de/forum/threads/no-compatible-source-was-found-for-this-media.2149096/|ComputerBase "no compatible source was found for this media"]], 2023-06.
  *[[http://www.debianforum.de/forum/viewtopic.php?t=187138|Debian Forum "[gelöst] ARDmediathek unter Bullseye nicht mehr funktionsfähig?"]], 2023-06.
  *[[http://groups.google.com/g/resourcespace/c/7vb02ihchKM|Google Groups "ResourceSpace" - "Videos do not play: No compatible source was found for this media"]], 2017.
  *[[http://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/fix-common-audio-and-video-issues|Mozilla Supprt "Fix common audio and video issues"]], [[http://support.mozilla.org/de/kb/Video-oderAudiodateien-koennen-nicht-abgespielt-werden|Mozilla Support "Video- oder Audiodateien können nicht abgespielt werden"]].
  *[[http://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/audio-and-video-firefox|Mozilla Support "Audio and video files in Firefox"]].
  *[[http://www.opensuse-forum.de/thread/67042-mediathek-videos-wollen-im-firefox-nicht-starten/|openSUSE-Forum.de - Das ultimative Forum rund um openSUSE "Mediathek-Videos wollen im Firefox nicht starten"]], 2024-01.
  *[[http://www.linux-club.de/forum/t/gel%C3%B6st-videos-in-mediatheken-arte-und-ard-nicht-abspielbar.122935/|Linux Club- Deutschsprachiges Supportforum für GNU/Linux "[gelöst] Videos in Mediatheken (ARTE und ARD) nicht abspielbar"]], 2019-09.
  *[[http://forums.rockylinux.org/t/codec-problem-with-packaged-firefox/10551|Rocky Linux Forums "Codec problem with packaged Firefox"]], 2023-07.
  *[[http://forum.ubuntuusers.de/topic/firefox-abspielen-von-daserste-mediathek/|Ubuntuusers Forum "Firefox - Abspielen von DasErste-Mediathek"]], 2019-01.
  *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Internet-TV/Stationen/|Ubuntuusers "Stationen"]] - How to configure Linux to watch German TV on Linux ( with browser or Linux app ).
===== Appropriate OpenDirectory Directory Pages =====
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Embedded/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux: Embedded"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Platforms/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux: Platforms"]].
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Embedded/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Embedded"]].
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/Open_Source/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime: Open Source"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/Linux/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime: Linux"]].
{{tag>Linux}}
<footnote_navi_en>