====== [hemmerling] Unix 10/12 - Unix Applications ======
Related pages:
  *[[booting.html|Booting from Devices]].
  *[[android.html|Google Android]].
  *[[cms.html|Content Management Systems ( CMS )]].
  *[[debian.html|Debian Linux 1/4]].
  *[[debian02.html|Debian Linux 2/4]].
  *[[lpicone.html|Linux LPIC-1]].
  *[[lpictwo.html|Linux LPIC-2]].
  *[[linuxskills.html|Linux Skills & Skill Certification]].
  *[[pdf.html|Portable Document Format ( PDF )]].
  *[[redhat.html|Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ), The CentOS Project ( CentOS ), Fedora Linux ( F ), AlmaLinux ( Alma ), Rocky Linux ( RL ), openSUSE, Amazon Linux ( AL )]].
  *[[remoteaccess.html|Remote Access Tools for Computers & Network Clients]].
  *[[remoteaccess.html|Remote Access Tools for Computers & Network Clients 1/4]].
  *[[remoteaccess02.html|Remote Access Tools for Computers & Network Clients 2/4 - Serial Connections]].
  *[[remoteaccess03.html|Remote Access Tools for Computers & Network Clients 3/4 - Screen Sharing]].
  *[[unix.html|Unix 1/12]].
  *[[unix02.html|Unix 2/12 - Linux & BSD Distributions]].
  *[[unix03.html|Unix 3/12 - Unix Boot Loaders, Unix Build Systems, Unix Installers and Linux & BSD Implementors]].
  *[[unix04.html|Unix 4/12 - Unix Applications, Unix Tools and Unix Drivers]].
  *[[unix05.html|Unix 5/12 - SUSE 7.1 Linux on Clevo 2700c Notebooks with SIS630S Chipset]].
  *[[unix06.html|Unix 6/12 - Unix with X-Terminals and Terminals]].
  *[[unix07.html|Unix 7/12 - Unix on X86, X64 and ARM Computers]].
  *[[unix08.html|Unix 8/12 - Embedded Systems with Unix]].
  *[[unix09.html|Unix 9/12 - Virtualisation with Unix]].
  *[[unix11.html|Unix 11/12]].
  *[[unix12.html|Unix 12/12]].
===== Desktops =====
==== GNOME Desktop ====
=== GNOME Desktop Releases used by pubic Unix Distributions ===

^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ Unix ^ GNOME Desktop release ^ GNOME Remote Desktop ^ Comments & Date ^ 
^ Red Hat / CentOS / Rocky / Alma | 47.7 | RDP | 2025-11 |
^ Fedora 41| 4.47 | ? | |
^ Debian 12.10 | 4.43.9 | RDP |  |
^ Debian 13 | 4.48 | RDP | |
^ Ubuntu 20.04 | 3.36 | VNC | 2020-04 |
^ Ubuntu 22.04 | 4.42 | RDP | 2022-04 |
^ | | | |

  *[[http://wiki.debian.org/Gnome|Debian Wiki "Gnome"]].
    *"DebianBookworm includes GNOME 43".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux_release_history|EN.Wikipedia "Fedora Linux release history"]].
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_version_history|EN.Wikipedia "Ubuntu version history"]].
=== Maximize and unmaximize a Window ===
  *[[http://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/shell-windows-maximize.html.en|Ubuntu documentation "Maximize and unmaximize a window"]] - Valid infos for both Debian Linux with GNOME desktop & Ubuntu Linux.
    *There is ( just ) a **close button** at the right upper corner of the application window :-). The Microsoft Windows style buttons **minimize button** and **maximize button** are missing :-(.
    *However, there are function keys to maximize a window, and to return to the individual window size:
      *With "Super" key = "Windows key" on modern PC keyboards:
        *"Windows-Key + Cursur-Up" - Maximize window to desktop size. "Windows-Key + Cursur-Down" - Unmaximize window.
      *"ALT + F10" to toggle between maximized window size and unmaximized window size.
  *For comparison, the Microsoft Windows design standard:
    *[[http://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/win32/winmsg/|Microsoft Learn "Windows and Messages / About Windows"]] - "An application window includes elements such as a title bar, a menu bar, the window menu (formerly known as the system menu), the **minimize button**, the **maximize button**, the **restore button**, the close button, a sizing border, a client area, a horizontal scroll bar, and a vertical scroll bar. An application's main window typically includes all of these components".
=== Screen Locking, Screen Power Saving ===
  *[[http://docs-fedoraproject-org.translate.goog/en-US/quick-docs/disabling-automatic-screenlock/|Fedora Docs "Disabling the GNOME automatic screen locking"]].
=== Switching between Graphical Manager and Text Consoles ===
  *CTRL+ALT+F1 ( Graphical Manager ), CTRL+ALT+F2, CTRL+ALT+F3, CTRL+ALT+F4, CTRL+ALT+F5, CTRL+ALT+F6.
=== Trash ===
  *[[http://www.askubuntu.com/questions/282332/what-is-the-trash-1000-folder-and-how-to-delete-it|Ask Ubuntu "What is the '.Trash-1000' folder and how to delete it?"]] - "This is the folder of you paperbin".
==== KDE Plasma Desktop ====
==== LXDE Desktop ====
===== Archivers & File Managers =====
==== Graphical File Managers ====
  *"Files" / "Nautilus".
    *[[http://apps.gnome.org/en-GB/Nautilus/|GNOME Apps "Files"]] - "Files, also known as Nautilus, is the default file manager of the GNOME desktop".
    *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Nautilus/|Ubuntuusers "Nautilus"]].
      *"Die Funktionen von Nautilus umfassen unter anderem das Anlegen und Verwalten von Dateien, Voransichten für ausgewählte Dateitypen und den Zugriff auf entfernte Freigaben. Zudem besitzt er eine Schnittstelle für Erweiterungen, um den Funktionsumfang zu erweitern".
      *"Mit der Version 3.6 wurde der Funktionsumfang von Nautilus auf wesentliche Funktionen reduziert. Es gibt mit Nemo eine Abspaltung (Fork), die auf Basis von Nautilus 3.4 weiterentwickelt wird. Nemo knüpft an den Funktionsumfang früherer Nautilus-Versionen an".
    *Caja, Nemo => See [[unix02.html|Unix 2/12 - Linux & BSD Distributions]].
      *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Caja/|Ubuntuusers "Caja"]] - "Caja ist der Standard-Dateimanager der Desktop-Umgebung MATE".
      *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Nemo/|Ubuntuusers "Nemo"]] - "Er ist der Standard-Dateimanager von Ubuntu Budgie, Ubuntu Unity und Ubuntu Cinnamon" ( and Linux Mint Cinnamon ).
  *[[http://midnight-commander.org/|Midnight Commander]], with a terminal-based GUI.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander|EN.Wikipedia "Midnight Commander"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander|DE.Wikipedia "Midnight Commander"]].
    *Debian & Ubuntu installation:<code>
$ sudo apt-get install mc</code>
    *CentOS installation:<code>
$ sudo dnf install mc</code>
==== Graphical Archiver Tools & Graphical Front Ends for Archivers ====
  *[[http://apps.kde.org/en-gb/ark/|KDE Apps "Ark"]].
    *[[http://www.github.com/KDE/ark|GitHub "KDE / ark"]] - File archiver by KDE.
    *[[http://invent.kde.org/utilities/ark|KDE GitLab Community Edition "Ark"]].
  *[[http://www.b1.org/|B1 - Unrar online, Unzip online, unzip, unrar, rar, extract online, uncompress files, archive]].
    *Graphical file managers for both Windows & Linux :-).
      *B1 Archiver for Linux.
        *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.b1.org/linux/|B1 "Linux"]] ( - 2025-01-18 ).
          *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.b1.org/download-linux|Archive.org "B1 'Download B1 Archiver for Linux'"]] ( - 2025-07-26 ).
            *"Available for: Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS" :-(.
            *"b1freearchiver_current_stable_i386.deb".
        *[[http://www.snapcraft.io/b1freearchiver|Canonical Snapcraft "b1freearchiver"]] - 19 April 2023 - latest/stable, 29 March 2018 - latest/edge. Screenshot of graphical UI for Linux. Link to the Linux download page of the B1 website.
        *[[http://learnubuntumate.weebly.com/b1-free-archiver.html|Learn Ubuntu MATE "B1 Free Archiver"]].
      *[[http://b1-free-archiver.en.softonic.com/?ex=RAMP-3406.0|Softonic "B1 Free Archiver for Windows"]] - "Latest update: March 13, 2013" :-(.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1_Free_Archiver|EN.Wikipedia "B1 Free Archiver"]].
  *"File Roller" ( formerly "GNOME Archive Manager" ) for GNOME.
    *[[http://fileroller.sourceforge.net/|SourceForge "File Roller"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/fileroller|SourceForge "File Roller"]].<code>
sudo apt-get install file-roller
sudo apt-get install p7zip-full
sudo apt-get install p7zip-rar
</code>
    *Do we really need?<code>
sudo apt-get install unrar
</code>
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Roller|EN.Wikipedia "File Roller"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Roller|DE.Wikipedia "File Roller"]].
  *"FreeArc" for Linux.
    *[[http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.freearc.org/|Archive.org "FreeArc"]] ( - 2016-11-18 ) - Latest release is named "FreeArc 0.666 (May 20, 2010)", but no dowload archived :-(.
    *[[http://freearc.sourceforge.net/|SourceForge "FreeArc"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/freearc/|SourceForge "FreeArc"]] - Latest release is "FreeArc-0.51" of 2009 :-(.
    *[[http://www.github.com/Bulat-Ziganshin/FA|GitHub "Bulat-Ziganshin / FA"]] - "FreeArc'Next".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeArc|EN.Wikipedia "FreeArc"]].
  *[[http://peazip.github.io/|GitHub.io "PeaZip"]].
    *[[http://peazip.github.io/peazip-linux.html|GitHub.io "PeaZip for Linux"]].
    *[[http://www.github.com/peazip/PeaZip|GitHub "peazip / PeaZip"]].
  *"Xarchiver" - Default archiving application of Xfce and LXDE.
    *[[http://www.github.com/ib/xarchiver|GitHub "ib / xarchiver"]].
    *[[http://xarchiver.sourceforge.net/|SourceForge "Xarchiver"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/xarchiver|SourceForge "Xarchiver"]] - Outdated.<code>
sudo apt-get install xarchiver
</code>
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarchiver|EN.Wikipedia "Xarchiver"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarchiver|DE.Wikipedia "Xarchiver"]].
==== Command Line Tools ====
  *[[http://www.7-zip.org/|7-Zip]] for Windows, Linux.
    *Download packages for Linux in ".tar.xz" format.
    *For Windows 7-Zip has a graphical UI :-), but not for Linux :-(.
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip|EN.Wikipedia "7-Zip"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip|DE.Wikipedia "7-Zip"]].
  *"7z".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/7z|die.net "7z(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"ar".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/ar|die.net "ar(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"bzip2".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/bzip2|die.net "bzip2(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"compress".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compress_(software)|EN.Wikipedia "compress (software)"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compress|DE.Wikipedia "Compress"]] - "Although once popular, compress has fallen out of favor because it uses the patented LZW algorithm. Its use has been replaced by commands such as gzip and bzip2 that use other algorithms and provide better data compression".
  *"cpio".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/cpio|die.net "cpio(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"gzip".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/gzip|die.net "gzip(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/gunzip|die.net "gunzip(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/zcat|die.net "zcat(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"P7ZIP".
    *[[http://p7zip.sourceforge.net/|SourceForge "P7ZIP"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/p7zip|SourceForge "P7ZIP"]].
      *[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P7zip|DE.Wikipedia "P7zip"]].
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip|EN.Wikipedia "7-Zip"]] - "Forks. **p7zip is a deprecated port of 7-Zip to Unix-like operating systems** (including Linux, FreeBSD, and macOS), FreeDOS, OpenVMS, AmigaOS 4, and MorphOS. Since support for Unix-like operating systems has officially been added to upstream 7-Zip in version 21.01, the p7zip fork has become obsolete and is no longer updated; the last available version of p7zip is 16.02".
  *"RAR".
    *[[http://www.win-rar.com/rar-linux-mac.html|WinRAR "RAR for Linux & Mac"]].
      *[[http://www.win-rar.com/download.html|WinRAR "Downloads"]].
        *RAR 7.12 for Linux English 64 bit ( .tar.gz ).
        *RAR 7.12 for FreeBSD English 64 bit ( .tar.gz ).
      *"WinRAR products for Linux & Mac are only available in the Command Line version... WinRAR products support all .rar and .zip archive files and works with most other popular file types, including CAB, ARJ, GZ, TAR, ACR, JAR, ISO, 7Z, XZ, and many, many more".
      *In opposite for Windows, there are no "oldversion" Internet archives for former releases of commercial freeware and trialware, like RAR for Linux :-(. 
    *[[http://en.winrar-full.com/for-linux.html|WinRAR-Full.com – an unofficial website created by WinRAR fans "WinRAR (RAR) for Linux"]] - "RAR 7.12 for Linux English 32 bit" is the release 32-bit Linux.
      *Download WinRAR for Linux x32.
      *Download WinRAR for Linux x64.
      *Download WinRAR for FreeBSD.
      *Download RAR help.
  *"rsync".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync|die.net "rsync(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *The equivalent tool on Windows is "robocopy" :-), see [[network.html|Network Tools 1/2]].
    *[[http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/|Techmint #1 Linux Blog "How to Use Rsync Command in Linux: 16 Practical Examples"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync|EN.Wikipedia "rsync"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync|DE.Wikipedia "rsync"]] - "rsync (remote sync) is a utility for transferring and synchronizing files between a computer and a storage drive and across networked computers by comparing the modification times and sizes of files".
  *"shar".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/shar|die.net "shar(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/unshar|die.net "unshar(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"tar".
    *[[http://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/tar.1.html|Michael Kerrisk - man7.org "tar(1) — Linux manual page"]]
    *[[http://www.tecmint.com/tar-command-examples-linux/|Techmint #1 Linux Blog "18 Tar Command Examples in Linux"]].
  *"xz".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/xz|die.net "xz(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"zip".
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/zip|die.net "zip(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/3/zip|die.net "zip(3) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/zipinfo|die.net "zipinfo(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/unzip|die.net "unzip(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/advzip|die.net "advzip(1) - Linux man page"]].
    *[[http://linux.die.net/man/1/zipcmp|die.net "zipcmp(1) - Linux man page"]].
  *"zst".
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zstd|EN.Wikipedia "Zstd"]], [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zstandard|DE.Wikipedia "Zstandard"]].
==== Free Online Services =====
  *The free online service [[http://www.b1.org/|B1 - Unrar online, Unzip online, unzip, unrar, rar, extract online, uncompress files, archive]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1_Free_Archiver|EN.Wikipedia "B1 Free Archiver"]].
==== Resources ====
  *See [[cms.html|Content Management Systems ( CMS )]] - "Archivers".
  *[[http://www.alternativeto.net/software/winrar/?platform=linux|AlternativeTo "WinRAR Alternatives for Linux"]].
  *[[http://www.alternativeto.net/software/7-zip/?platform=linux|AlternativeTo "7-Zip Alternatives for Linux"]].
  *[[http://askubuntu.com/questions/154577/what-is-a-linux-equivalent-to-pkzip-or-winzip-or-the-gui-version-of-7zip|AskUbuntu "What is a Linux equivalent to pkzip or winzip or the GUI version of 7zip?"]].
  *[[http://www.askubuntu.com/questions/41791/whats-the-easiest-way-to-unrar-a-file|AskUbuntu "What's the easiest way to unrar a file?"]].
    *"The unrar package is hosted on the Multiverse repository, so first you'll need to enable the Multiverse repository in Software & Updates". 
  *[[http://linux.die.net/abs-guide/filearchiv.html|die.net "15.5. File and Archiving Commands"]].
    *Archiving: tar, shar, ar, rpm, cpio, rpm2cpio.
    *Compression: gzip, bzip2, sq, zip & unzip, unarc & unarj & unrar.
    *File Information: file, which, whereis, whatis, vdir, locate & slocate, readlink, strings.
    *Comparison: diff & patch, diff3, sdiff, cmp, comm.
    *Utilities: basename, dirname, split & csplit.
    *Encoding and Encryption: sum & cksum & md5sum & sha1sum, shred, uuencode, uudecode, mimencode & mmencode, crypt.
    *Miscellaneous: mktemp, make, install, dos2unix, ptx, more & less.
  *[[http://www.redhat.com/en/blog/midnight-commander-file-manager|Red Hat Blog "Replace your Linux file manager with Midnight Commander"]], 2022.
  *[[http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/522958/how-to-use-p7zip-to-open-rar-files|StackExchange "How to use p7zip to open RAR files?"]].
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/peazip-linux-file-manager-and-file-archive-tool/|Techmint #1 Linux Blog "Peazip – A Portable File Manager and Archive Tool for Linux"]].
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/install-tar-in-centos-rhel-and-fedora/|Techmint #1 Linux Blog "How to Install tar in CentOS, RHEL, and Fedora"]].
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-archive-tools-for-linux/|Techmint #1 Linux Blog "5 Best Command Line Archive Tools for Linux – Part 1"]] - tar, shar, ar,  cpio, gzip.
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/linux-archive-tools/|Techmint #1 Linux Blog "5 Advanced Archive Tools for Linux Command Line – Part 2"]] - bzip2, xz, zip, rar, 7zip.
===== Browsers =====
==== Firefox ====
  *For Firefox on Linux, i.e. "Firefox ESR 128.13.0esr (64-bit)" on AlmaLinux, there is no "Update" button at "Help / About Firefox" :-(.
==== Google Chrome ====
  *[[http://www.linuxiac.com/how-to-install-google-chrome-on-almalinux-rocky-linux/|linuxiac "How to Install Google Chrome on AlmaLinux 8/9 and Rocky Linux 8/9"]].
    -Download and Import Google’s GPG Key fails :-(.
      *[[http://www.github.com/ComplianceAsCode/content/issues/12178|GitHub "Unknown policy NO-SHA1: file NO-SHA1.pmod not found #12178"]], 2024-07.<code>
$ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub

$sudo rpm --import linux_signing_key.pub
warning: Certificate 7721F63BD38B4796:
  Subkey 4EB27DB2A3B88B8B is expired: The subkey is not live
  Policy rejects subkey 1397BC53640DB551: Policy rejected non-revocation signature (PrimaryKeyBinding) requiring second pre-image resistance
  Subkey 78BD65473CB3BD13 is expired: The subkey is not live
  Policy rejects subkey 6494C6D6997C215E: Policy rejected non-revocation signature (PrimaryKeyBinding) requiring second pre-image resistance

$ sudo update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:SHA1
Unknown policy `SHA1`: file `SHA1.pmod` not found in (., policies/modules, /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules, /usr/share/crypto-policies/policies/modules)

$ sudo rpm --import linux_signing_key.pub
$ sudo update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT</code>
    -Download of Google Chrome RPM Installation Package.<code>
$ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm
$ sudo dnf localinstall google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm
$ sudo dnf repolist
</code>
==== Opera Browser ====
=== Download & local Installation ===
  *[[http://www.opera.com/de/download|Opera Browser "Download"]].
    *Linux .DEB, .RPM, ( snap ).
    *Installation after download<code>
sudo apt install ./Downloads/opera-stable_XXXX_amd64.deb
sudo yum install ./Downloads/opera-stable_XXXX_amd64.rpm -y
</code>
=== Snap ===
  *[[http://www.snapcraft.io/opera|Canonical Snapcraft "Opera"]].
    *Installation by Snap:<code>
sudo snap install opera
</code>
=== .rpm Repository ===
  *[[http://rpm.opera.com/rpm|Opera Repository "rpm.opera.com/rpm"]].
  *Use editor "nano" to create or update the Opera repository configuration file<code>
$ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/opera.repo<code>
[opera]
name=Opera packages
type=rpm-md
baseurl=https://rpm.opera.com/rpm
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://rpm.opera.com/rpmrepo.key
enabled=1</code>
  *Installation by "dnf"<code>
$ sudo dnf install opera-stable -y
</code>
  *Resources:
    *[[http://www.idroot.us/install-opera-browser-almalinux-10/|idroot "How To Install Opera Browser on AlmaLinux 10"]].
=== .deb Repository ( untested ) ===
  *[[http://deb.opera.com/opera/|Opera Repository "deb.opera.com/opera"]].
  *Is the "Release.gpg" file the right one? 
  *Use editor "nano" to create or update the Opera repository configuration file<code>
$ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/opera.repo<code>
[opera]
name=Opera packages
type=deb
baseurl=https://deb.opera.com/opera/pool/non-free/o/opera-stable
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://deb.opera.com/opera/dists/stable/Release.gpg
enabled=1</code>
    *Installation by "ardnf"<code>
$ sudo apt install opera-stable -y
</code>
  *[[http://wiki.debian.org/SourcesList|Debian Wiki "SourcesList"]].
==== Yandex ====
=== Download & local Installation ===
  *[[http://browser.yandex.ru/|Yandex Browser ( browser.yandex.ru )]] - Download links at bottom of page.
    *[[http://browser.yandex.ru/c/browser-linux|Yandex "Yandex Browser for Linux"]] - Download links at bottom of page.
    *[[http://www.yandex.ru/support/browser/ru/about/install.html|Yandex Support "Browser / Install"]].
  *.deb download and installation:
    *"Astra Linux" & "Alt OS and Simply Linux" ( "ОС Альт и Simply Linux" ):<code>
$ apt-get update 
$ sudo apt-get install yandex-browser-stable</code>
  *Debian, Mint, Ubuntu:
    *Download of "Yandex.deb" by website, installation by:<code>
$ apt-get update 
$ sudo apt install ./Downloads/Yandex.deb
</code>
  *.rpm download and installation:
    *"RED OS" ( "РЕД ОС" ) & "ROSA OS" ( "ОС РОСА").
      *Download by [[http://download.yandex.ru/downloadable_soft/browser/linux/yandex-browser-downloader.rpm|Yandex Browser Downloader ( RPM )]].
      *Direct download: [[http://download.yandex.ru/browser/redos/red-os/yandex-browser-stable.rpm|yandex-browser-stable.rpm]].
      *Installation:<code>
sudo yum install ./Downloads/yandex-browser-stable.rpm -y</code>
      *Installation by DNF:<code>
$ sudo dnf install yandex-browser-stable</code>
    *Redhat, CentOS, Fedora:
      *Download of "Yandex.rpm" by website, installation by:<code>
sudo yum install ./Downloads/Yandex.rpm -y
</code>
=== Ubuntu ===
  *[[http://www.linuxcapable.com/how-to-install-yandex-browser-on-ubuntu-linux/| "How to Install Yandex Browser on Ubuntu 24.04, 22.04 or 20.04"]]:<code>
$ sudo apt update 
$ sudo apt install curl apt-transport-https -y

$ curl -fSsL https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/YANDEX-BROWSER-KEY.GPG | sudo gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/yandex.gpg

$ echo deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/yandex.gpg] http://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/deb stable main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yandex-stable.list
$# or
$ echo deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/yandex.gpg] http://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/deb beta main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yandex-beta.list
</code>
=== Flathub ===
  *[[http://www.flathub.org/apps/ru.yandex.Browser|Flathub "Yandex Browser"]].
=== Snap for .deb ===
  *[[http://snapcraft.io/install/yandex-browser/ubuntu|Canonical Snapcraft "Yandex browser"]].
    *Installation by Snap:<code>
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo snap install yandex-browser --beta
</code>
=== .rpm Repository ( untested ) ===
  *[[http://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/rpm/stable/x86_64/|Yandex Repository "rpm/stable/x86_64"]].
    -Use editor "nano" to create or update the Opera repository configuration file<code>
$ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/opera.repo<code>
[opera]
name=Opera packages
type=rpm-md
baseurl=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/rpm/stable/x86_64
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/YANDEX-BROWSER-KEY.GPG
enabled=1</code>
    *Installation by "dnf"<code>
$ sudo dnf install opera-stable -y
</code>
=== .deb Repository ( untested ) ===
  *[[http://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/deb/pool/main/y/yandex-browser-stable/|Yandex Repository "deb/pool/main/y/yandex-browser-stable"]].
    -Use editor "nano" to create or update the Opera repository configuration file<code>
$ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/opera.repo<code>
[opera]
name=Opera packages
type=deb
baseurl=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/deb/pool/main/y/yandex-browser-stable
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/YANDEX-BROWSER-KEY.GPG
enabled=1</code>
    *Installation by "apt-get"<code>
$ sudo apt-get  install yandex-browser-stable -y
</code>
==== Resources ====
  *On GNOME desktop:
    *"Opera" and "Yandex" browsers have the Microsoft-Windows-style **minimize button** and "**maximize button**" in addition to the GNOME standard button "close button" at the top right corner, as any Windows application.
    *"Firefox" and "Chrome" browser as typical GNOME applications, just have a standard GNOME "close button" at right upper corner. You may use the standard GNOME keys means to maximize and minimize a desktop window.
  *See [[remoteaccess.html|Remote Access Tools for Computers & Network Clients]].
  *[[http://www.heise.de/tipps-tricks/Opera-in-Linux-installieren-4705823.html|heise online "Opera in Linux installieren"]].
===== Document Creators & Readers =====
==== Document Creators ====
  *[[http://www.gimp.org/|GIMP - GNU Image Manipulation Program]].
    *[[http://www.gimp.org/downloads/|GIMP - GNU Image Manipulation Program "Downloads"]] - Download of ".AppImage", ".flatpakref" packages for Linux.
  *[[http://www.krita.org/en/|Krita]] - "Professional FREE and open source painting program" for Windows, Linux ( Download of ".AppImage" package ).
  *[[http://www.scribus.net/|Scribus]] - "Powerful desktop publishing software" for Windows, Debian / Ubuntu / Gentoo Linux, BSD.
    *[[http://www.scribus.net/downloads/|Scribus "Downloads"]].
    *[[http://scribus.sourceforge.net/|SourceForge "Scribus"]], [[http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/scribus/|SourceForge "Scribus"]] - Download of ".AppImage", ".flatpak", ".tar.bz2", ".tar.xz", ".tar.gz", ".7z" packages.
==== Document Readers ( PDF ... ) ====
=== Tools ===
  *[[http://www.chip.de/downloads/Adobe-Reader-fuer-Linux_22785527.html|CHIP "Adobe Reader für Linux. Version 9.5.5"]], latest release of 2015-02-20 :-(.
  *GNOME.
    *[[http://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evince|GNOME Wiki "Apps/Evince"]] - "This site has been retired" :-(.
      *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Evince/|ubuntuusers Wiki "Evince"]] - "Ist der Standard-Dokumentenbetrachter der Desktop-Umgebung GNOME bis einschließlich [Ubuntu 24.10] (Nachfolger papers)".
    *[[http://apps.gnome.org/en-GB/Papers/|GNOME Apps "Papers"]].
  *KDE.
    *[[http://okular.kde.org/|KDE "Okular - The Universal Document Viewer"]] for KDE5.
      *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okular|EN.Wikipedia "Okular"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okular_(Software)|DE.Wikipedia "Okular (Software)"]].
    *KDE4:
      *KGhostView.
      *KFax.
      *KFaxview.
      *KDVI.
  *Browsers like Firefox may display PDF documents.
==== Resources ====
  *See [[pdf.html|Portable Document Format ( PDF )]].
  *AlmaLinux 10 is shipped with "GNOME Papers" :-), but neither with "GNOME Evince" nort with "KDE Okular" :-(.
  *[[http://wiki.debian.org/PDF|Debian Wiki "PDF"]] - "PDF Viewers / Readers".
  *[[http://www.tecmint.com/linux-pdf-viewers-and-readers-tools/|Techmin - #1 Linux Blog "10 Best PDF Document Viewers for Linux Systems"]].
===== Firewall =====
==== RedHat ====
=== firewall-config ===
  *Installation of the firewall UI application:<code>
sudo yum install firewall-config
sudo firewall-config</code>
  *Firewall Configuration: 
    *Configuration: "<del>Runtime</del>" / "Permanent".
        -Zones - "A firewall zone defines the level of trust for network connections, interfaces and source addresses bound to the zone. The zone combines services, ports, protocols, masquerading, port / packet forwarding, icmp filters and rich rules. The zone can be bound to interfaces and  source addresses".
          *Zones "public".
            *Services:
              *By default, just these zones are activated: "[x] Cockpit", "[x] dhcpv6-client", "[x] ssh". 
              *"[x] rdp".
            *Ports:
              *"3389 [tcp]" - Default port for GNOME Remote Login <del>GNOME Desktop Sharing</del>.
              *"3390 [tcp]" - Default port for GNOME Desktop Sharing.  
        -Services - "A firewall service is a combination of ports, protocols, modules and destination addresses.
        -IPSets - "An IPet can be used to create white or black lists and is able to store for example IP addresses, port numbers and MAC addresses".
=== firewall-cmd ===
  *Show status by commandline firewall application:<code>
sudo firewall-cmd --state</code>
==== Debian ====
  *Installation of Uncomplicated Firewall (ufw)<code>
sudo apt-get install ufw
sudo ufw enable</code>
  *Optional service [[http://www.firewalld.org/|firewalld - A service daemon with D-Bus interface]].
==== Webmin ====
  *[[http://www.webmin.com/|Webmin]] - "A web-based system administration tool for Unix-like servers".
  *Download:<code>
curl -o webmin-setup-repo.sh https://raw.githubusercontent.com/webmin/webmin/master/webmin-setup-repo.sh
sudo sh webmin-setup-repo.sh
</code>
  *REL Installation:<code>
sudo dnf install webmin
</code>
  *DEB Installation:<code>
sudo apt-get install webmin --install-recommends
</code>
=== Resources ===
  *[[http://wiki.almalinux.org/|AlmaLinux Wiki]] ( Alma Linux Wiki ).
    *[[http://wiki.almalinux.org/series/system/SystemSeriesA02.html#%F0%9F%8C%9F-introduction|AlmaLinux Wiki "#A02 ❯ Firewalld: A Beginner's Guide"]].
  *[[http://wiki.debian.org/DebianFirewall|Debian Wiki "DebianFirewall"]] - "WARNING: nftables is the default firewall framework since Debian 10 Buster. This page is outdated".
  *[[http://wiki.debian.org/Uncomplicated%20Firewall%20%28ufw%29|Debian Wiki "Uncomplicated Firewall (ufw)"]]
  *[[http://wiki.debian.org/nftables|Debian Wiki "nftables"]].
  *[[http://www.shape.host/resources/firewall-management-tools-for-almalinux-gui-and-command-line-options|shapehost "Firewall Management Tools for AlmaLinux: GUI and Command-Line Options"]] - "Webmin".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncomplicated_Firewall|EN.Wikipedia "Uncomplicated Firewall"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncomplicated_Firewall|DE.Wikipedia "Uncomplicated Firewall"]].
===== Network configuration =====
  *ifconfig.
    *[[http://www.phoenixnap.com/kb/|phoenixNAP "phoenixNAP Knowledge Base"]].
      *[[http://www.phoenixnap.com/kb/linux-ifconfig|phoenixNAP "phoenixNAP Knowledge Base /  SysAdmin / Linux ifconfig Command With Examples"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifconfig|EN.Wikipedia "ifconfig"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifconfig|DE.Wikipedia "ifconfig"]] - "The ip suite has a similar purpose and is meant to replace the deprecated ifconfig".
  *ip suite.
    *[[http://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ip.8.html|man7.org "ip(8)"]] - "This page is part of the iproute2 (utilities for controlling TCP/IP networking and traffic) project".
    *[[http://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/networking/iproute2|Linux Foundation DokuWiki "Iproute2"]].
      *[[http://www.lartc.org/howto/|Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control "HOWTO"]].
        *[[http://www.lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.explore.html|Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control HOWTO "3.4. Exploring your current configuration"]].
        *"3.4.2. ip shows us our IP addresses"<code>
      *[[http://www.policyrouting.org/|Policy Routing Book by Matthew G. Marsh]].
        *[[http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html|Policy Routing Book by Matthew G. Marsh "IPROUTE2 Utility Suite Howto"]].
$ ip address show</code>
    *[[http://www.thomas-krenn.com/en/wiki/Linux_ip_command|Thomas Krenn "Server Software / Linux / Linux Networking / Linux ip command"]].
    *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproute2|EN.Wikipedia "iproute2"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproute2|DE.Wikipedia "iproute2"]].
===== Package Management & Package Installation =====
==== AppImage ====
  *[[http://www.appimage.org/|AppImage]].
    *"Leading Linux distributions. Download an application, make it executable, and run! No need to install. No system libraries or system preferences are altered".
    *To run an AppImage, simply: 
      -Make it executable<code>
$ chmod a+x Subsurface*.AppImage</code>
      -and run!<code>
$ ./Subsurface*.AppImage"</code>
  *[[http://www.github.com/AppImage/|GitHub "AppImage"]].
    *[[http://www.github.com/AppImage/appimagekit|GitHub "AppImage / appimagekit"]] - "Package desktop applications as AppImages that run on common Linux-based operating systems, such as RHEL, CentOS, openSUSE, SLED, Ubuntu, Fedora, debian and derivatives".
  *Tool [[http://www.github.com/cosmic-utils/app-hub|GitHub "cosmic-utils / app-hub"]] - "AppHub is a Linux desktop application that simplifies the installation and management of .appImage packages".
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppImage|EN.Wikipedia "AppImage"]], [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppImage|DE.Wikipedia "AppImage"]].
==== Distroless ====
  *[[http://www.github.com/GoogleContainerTools/distroless|GitHub "GoogleContainerTools / distroless"]] - 'Distroless' Container Images".
==== Flatpak ====
  *[[http://www.flatpak.org/|Flatpak]].
  *[[http://www.flathub.org/|Flathub - The App Store for Linux]].
  *[[http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Flatpak/|ubuntuusers Wiki "Flatpak"]].
==== GNU Guix ====
  *[[http://guix.gnu.org/|GNU Guix]] - "GNU Guix is a package manager for GNU/Linux systems".
==== Homebrew ====
  *[[http://www-brew.sh/|Homebrew -The Missing Package Manager for macOS (or Linux)]].
  *[[http://docs.brew.sh/|Homebrew Documentation]].
    *[[http://docs.brew.sh/Homebrew-on-Linux|Homebrew Documentation "Homebrew on Linux"]] - "The Homebrew package manager may be used on Linux and Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)".
  *[[http://www.github.com/Homebrew/|GitHub "Homebrew"]].
==== Snap / Snappy ====
  *[[http://www.snapcraft.io/|Canonical Snapcraft]] - "The app store for Linux".
    *[[http://www.snapcraft.io/docs/installing-snap-on-debian|Canonical Snapcraft Documentation "Installing snap on Debian"]].
    *[[http://forum.snapcraft.io/t/where-is-a-snap-stored-and-how-can-i-change-that/3194|Canonical Snapcraft Forum "Where is a snap stored and how can I change that?"]].
      *"By default they are in /var/lib/snapd/snaps for snaps installed from the store".
    *[[http://www.snapcraft.io/install/codec/rhel|Canonical Snapcraft "Install codec on Red Hat Enterprise Linux"]].
    *Snap is available for Debian, Ubuntu and CentOS / AlmaLinux.
  *[[http://www.askubuntu.com/questions/1130791/how-to-uninstall-a-package-installed-from-snapcraft|AskUbuntu "How to uninstall a package installed from snapcraft?"]] - Use **sudo snap remove --purge snapname** to completely remove a snap package, including all of its revision loop drives. Only by doing so, will the hard drive space be made available again<code>
sudo snap remove --purge PACKAGE</code>
  *[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_(software)|EN.Wikipedia "Snap (software)"]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snappy_(Paketverwaltung)|EN.Wikipedia "Snappy (Paketverwaltung)"]].
==== Package Repositories ====
  *[[http://www.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas|Canonical Launchpad "Ubuntu - Personal Package Archives for Ubuntu"]] ( PPA ).
    *[[http://documentation.ubuntu.com/launchpad/|Ubuntu Documentation "Launchpad manual"]] - "Launchpad is a collaboration platform for open-source projects. Launchpad provides everything necessary to build and publish software, including code hosting, issue tracking, translations, and request tracking for bugs and features. The most famous software hosted on Launchpad is Ubuntu".
    *I was warned that with PPA downloads, the risk is high(er) to get a package with a software virus :-(.
==== Resources ====
===== Usernames & Passwords =====
===== VNC, RDP,... =====
  *See [[remoteaccess03.html|Remote Access Tools for Computers & Network Clients 3/4]].
===== Appropriate OpenDirectory Directory Pages =====
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Embedded/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux: Embedded"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Platforms/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux: Platforms"]].
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Embedded/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Embedded"]].
  *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/Open_Source/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime: Open Source"]].
    *[[http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Realtime/Linux/|OpenDirectory "Top: Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Realtime: Linux"]].
{{tag>Linux}}
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