[hemmerling] Linux 9/12 - Virtualisation with Linux

Related pages:

• Booting from Devices.
• Google Android.
• Debian Linux 1/4.
• Debian Linux 2/4.
• Linux LPIC-1.
• Linux LPIC-2.
• Linux Skills & Skill Certification.
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ), The CentOS Project ( CentOS ), Fedora Linux ( F ), AlmaLinux ( Alma ), Rocky Linux ( RL ), Oracle Linux ( OL ), openSUSE, Amazon Linux ( AL ).
• Unix 1/12.
• Unix 2/12 - Linux & BSD Distributions.
• Unix 3/12 - Unix Boot Loaders, Unix Build Systems, Unix Installers and Linux & BSD Implementors.
• Unix 4/12 - Unix Applications, Unix Tools and Unix Drivers.
• Unix 5/12 - SUSE 7.1 Linux on Clevo 2700c Notebooks with SIS630S Chipset.
• Unix 6/12 - Unix with X-Terminals and Terminals.
• Unix 7/12 - Unix on X86, X64 and ARM Computers.
• Unix 8/12 - Embedded Systems with Unix.
• Unix 10/12 - Unix Applications.
• Unix 11/12.
• Unix 12/12.
• Virtual PCs, Virtualization, Virtual Computers, Computer Hardware Simulation.
• Software Development with Vagrant & Chef on VirtualBox.
• How to configure Oracle VirtualBox for W2k hosts.

• Linux Buzz "How to Install KVM on Rocky Linux 9 / AlmaLinux 9".
  • 1. Confirm Hardware Virtualization

    $ sudo grep -e 'vmx' /proc/cpuinfo

  • 2. Install KVM on AlmaLinux 10:

    $ sudo dnf install qemu-kvm libvirt virt-manager virt-install

  • Install other KVM management tools:

    $ sudo dnf install epel-release -y
    $ sudo dnf -y install bridge-utils virt-top libguestfs-tools bridge-utils virt-viewer

  • After the installation is complete, run the following command check whether KVM module is loaded into the kernel or not:

    $ sudo lsmod | grep kvm

  • 3. Start and Enable libvirtd daemon

    $ sudo systemctl start libvirtd
    $ sudo systemctl enable libvirtd
    $ sudo systemctl status libvirtd

  • You must also add your system user to the KVM group to execute virt-install commands without sudo:

    $ sudo usermod -aG libvirt $USER
    $ newgrp libvirt

  • 4. Create Network Bridge for KVM Instances

    $ sudo brctl show
    $ sudo nmcli connection show

  • To start creating the bridge, first, delete the existing connection using the following command (MODFIED):

    $ sudo nmcli connection delete node11bridge

  • Specification:
    • Bridge name: This is the new bridge’s preferred name ( e.g., br1 node11bridge ).
    • Device name: This is the network interface’s name. This is going to be the bridge slave ( e.g., ens160 node11bslave ).
    • IP address/subnet: This is the bridge network’s IP address and subnet, for example, 192.16.122.1/24 192.168.122.1/24. This should match your network subnet IP address.
    • gateway: This is the network’s default gateway address, for example, 192.168.16.2 192.168.178.1
    • DNS1 and DNS2: These are the preferred DNS addresses (e.g., 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 of Google Public DNS ).
  • To create a new bridge, run the following command (MODFIED):

    $ sudo nmcli connection add type bridge autoconnect yes con-name node11bridge ifname node11bridge

  • Next, add the IP, gateway, and DNS to the bridge (MODFIED):

    $ sudo nmcli connection modify node11bridge ipv4.addresses 192.168.122.1/24 ipv4.method manual
    $ sudo nmcli connection modify node11bridge ipv4.gateway 192.168.178.1
    $ sudo nmcli connection modify node11bridge ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8 +ipv4.dns 8.8.4.4

  • Now, run the following command to add the bridge slave (MODFIED):

    $ sudo nmcli connection add type bridge-slave autoconnect yes con-name node11bslave ifname node11bslave master node11bridge
    $ sudo nmcli connection show

  • Next, start the network bridge (MODFIED):

    $ sudo nmcli connection up node11bridge
    $ sudo nmcli connection show node11bridge

  • To enable KVM to use this bridge, edit ”/etc/qemu-kvm/bridge.conf”:

    $ sudo nano /etc/qemu-kvm/bridge.conf
    allow all
    ^o
    ^x

  • Then restart libvirtd service

    $ sudo systemctl restart libvirtd
    $ sudo chown -R $USER:libvirt /var/lib/libvirt/

  • Using the following syntax, we will create a virtual machine on the command line using the AlmaLinux image (MODFIED).

    $ virt-install \
    --name Alma10 \
    --ram 2048 \
    --vcpus 1 \
    --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/alma-10.img,size=20 \
    --os-variant almalinux10 \
    --network bridge=node11bridge,model=virtio \
    --graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0 \
    --console pty,target_type=serial \
    --location /home/node11/Downloads/AlmaLinux-10-latest-x86_64_v2-minimal.iso
    

• CentLinux "Install KVM Virtualization Host on Rocky Linux 9", 2022.
• ComputingForGeeks "Install and Use KVM Virtualization on Rocky Linux 9".
• GetLabsDone "4 easy step to install CentOS on KVM".
• HoganHost Blog "How to install KVM on Linux (AlmaLinux)"
• KVM ( linux-kvm.org ).
• LinuxShout ( linux.how2shout ) "How to install KVM on Almalinux 9 or Rocky Linux 9 to create VMs".
• LinuxTechi.
  • LinuxTechi "How to Install KVM on Rocky Linux 9 / AlmaLinux 9".
  • LinuxTechi "How to Create and Manage KVM Virtual Machines via Command Line".
• Linux Today "How to Install KVM on Rocky Linux 9 and Alma Linux 9".
• Liquid Web / Help Docs "How to install KVM on Linux (AlmaLinux)".
• Medium, ComputingPost "How to Install KVM on CentOS/RHEL 8".
• Oracle Docs "Oracle Linux 10. KVM User's Guide" ( PDF ) - ”–os-variant [os-version]. The os-variant option is optional. You can use this option to optimize the performance of the guest configuration. To obtain valid –os-variant values, type:

  osinfo-query os

• Red Hat Documentation "Configuring and managing virtualization".
  • Red Hat Documentation "Chapter 17. Configuring virtual machine network connections".
• Red Hat Documentation "Virtualization Deployment and Administration Guide".
  • Red Hat Documentation "20.9. Removing and Deleting a Virtual Machine".
• Reintech Media Blog.
  • Reintech Media Blog "Setting Up a KVM Virtualization Host on AlmaLinux 9".
  • Reintech Media Blog "Managing Virtual Machines with virsh on AlmaLinux 9".
  • Reintech Media Blog "Installing and Using the EPEL Repository on AlmaLinux 9".
  • Reintech Media Blog "Installing and Configuring Samba on AlmaLinux 9".
• Rocky Forums "KVM on Rocky Linux 9".
• Server-World "AlmaLinux 9 Configuration Tutorials".
  • Server-World "KVM : Create Virtual Machine (GUI)".
  • Server-World "KVM : Create Virtual Machine (GUI)".
• Siberoloji "How to Install KVM VM Management Tools on AlmaLinux".
• Techmint #1 Linux Blog "How to Install KVM on CentOS/RHEL 8".

• List all bridges:

  sudo brctl show

• Disconnect bridge:

  $ sudo nmcli connection down node11bridge
  

• Delete a bridge:

  $ sudo nmcli connection delete node11bridge
  

• StackExchange "How to delete connection by name via Network Manager" - “nmcli connection delete CONNECTION_NAME”.
• NetworkManager - “The standard Linux network configuration tool suite. It supports large range of networking setups, from desktop to servers and mobile and integrates well with popular desktop environments and server configuration management tools”.
  • NetworkManager "nmcli — command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager".
• Red Hat Documentation "3.3. Configuring IP Networking with nmcli".
• ubuntuusers Wiki "nmcli".

• List all virtual machines:

  $ virsh list --all
  

• Undefine a virtual machine:

  $ virsh undefine Alma10
  error: Refusing to undefine while domain managed save image exists
  $ virsh undefine VM_Name --managed-save
  

• Red Hat Documentation "20.9. Removing and Deleting a Virtual Machine".
  • ”–managed-save - this argument guarantees that any managed save image is also cleaned up”.
• Stackoverflow "Gnome Boxes on Fedora 33 fails to open".

• Error message:

  ERROR    Disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/IMAGE.img is already in use by other guests ['GUEST']. (Use --check path_in_use=off or --check all=off to override)
  

• StackExchange Unix&Linux "How to open Virt-manager VM from command line?".

• EN.Wikipedia "Kernel-based Virtual Machine".

• libvirt: The virtualization API.
  • libvirt: The virtualization API "virsh".
  • libvirt Wiki.
    • libvirt Wiki "Networking".
• EN.Wikipedia "libvirt", DE.Wikipedia "libvirt" - “An open source API, daemon and management tool for managing platform virtualization”.

• Virtual Machine Manager ( virt-manager ) - “A desktop user interface for managing virtual machines through libvirt. It primarily targets KVM VMs, but also manages Xen and LXC (linux containers”.
• EN.Wikipedia "virt-manager", DE.Wikipedia "Virtual Machine Manager".

• GNOME Apps "Boxes".
• GNOME Help "Boxes" - “An application that gives you access to virtual machines, running locally or remotely. It also allows you to connect to the display of a remote computer”.
• EN.Wikipedia "GNOME Boxes".

• LinuxCommunity "Virtuelle Maschinen mit Gnome Boxes betreiben".

• VirtualBox "Download VirtualBox for Linux Hosts".
  • “​Fedora 40 / 41 / 42” - Installation works fine on AlmaLinux 10 .
  • “​Oracle Linux 10 / Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10” - Error message on AMD/Intel 64-bit (x86-64-v2) hardware

    CPU ISA level is lower than required

  • “​Oracle Linux 9 / Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9” - Installation is aborted on AlmaLinux 10 by the error message

    Error: 
     Problem: conflicting requests
      - nothing provides libvpx.so.6()(64bit) needed by VirtualBox-7.1-7.1.12_169651_el9-1.x86_64 from @commandline
    (try to add '--skip-broken' to skip uninstallable packages or '--nobest' to use not only best candidate packages)

• VirtualBox "Downloads".
  • VirtualBox "File Archive" with current and legacy editions.
• Installation of the extension pack by the “Install” button. Error message

  Can't enumerate USB devices.
  VirtualBox is not currently allowed to access USB devices. You can change this by adding your user to the "vboxusers" group. Please see your user manual for a more detailed explanation.
  

• Adding the user to the group “vboxusers”

  $ sudo usermod -a -G vboxusers $USER

• After a reboot ( not just logout & login from Linux ), the error message isn't displayed anymore.

  $ groups $USER

• After installation of VirtualBox 7.1.12, I found an guest addition ISO at /usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso.

• “Devices / Insert Guest Additions CD image...”.
• Error message:

  VirtualBox - Error
  Unable to insert the virtual optical disk /usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso into the machine vnode11.
  Could not mount the media/drive "/usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso" ( VERR_PDM_MEDIA_LOCKED ).
  

• Installation:
  1. Mount /usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso
     1. By the “Files” desktop app, mouse-rightclick “Open With Disk Image Mounter”.
     2. By console

        $ sudo mount -r /usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso /run/media/node11
        $ sudo umount /usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso 
        

  2. By console, visit the directory ( “node11” is my username ).

     $ cd /run/media/node11/VBox_GAs_7.1.121

  3. Installation failed on AmaLinux 10:

     $ sudo sh ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
     
     VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
     ./install.sh: line 153: VBoxControl: command not found
     This system appears to have a version of the VirtualBox Guest Additions
     already installed.  If it is part of the operating system and kept up-to-date,
     there is most likely no need to replace it.  If it is not up-to-date, you
     should get a notification when you start the system.  If you wish to replace
     it with this version, please do not continue with this installation now, but
     instead remove the current version first, following the instructions for the
     operating system.
     
     If your system simply has the remains of a version of the Additions you could
     not remove you should probably continue now, and these will be removed during
     installation.
     
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: Setting up modules
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the VirtualBox Guest Additions kernel 
     modules.  This may take a while.
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: To build modules for other installed kernels, run
     VirtualBox Guest Additions:   /sbin/rcvboxadd quicksetup <version>
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: or
     VirtualBox Guest Additions:   /sbin/rcvboxadd quicksetup all
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: Building the modules for kernel 
     6.12.0-55.21.1.el10_0.x86_64_v2.
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: reloading kernel modules and services
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: unable to load vboxguest kernel module, see dmesg
     VirtualBox Guest Additions: kernel modules and services were not reloaded
     The log file /var/log/vboxadd-setup.log may contain further information.
     

• Error message after login

  VBoxClient: the VirtualBox kernel service is not running. Exiting.
  

• Unattended Guest Installation requires a domain name .
  • Name: “vnode11”.
  • Folder: ”/home/node11/Virtual Box VMs”. This is a host setting!
  • Username: “vnode11”. Password: “vnode11”.
  • Hostname: “vnode11”.
  • Domain name: “myguest.virtualbox.org” ( can't be empty , at least 3 characters. Thats why I decided not to use this option ).
  • [x] Guest additions ”/usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso”.
• Error message

  Powering VM up...
  VirtualBox can't operate in VMX mode. Please disable the KVM kernel extension, recompile your kernel and reboot ( VERR_VMX_IN_VMX_ROOT_MODE ).

• Stop KVM by unloading KVM modules ( and reloading of KVM modules ) on AlmaLinux 10, temporarily. I.e. you must repeat the action after each reboot:

  # Unloading modules
  sudo modprobe -r kvm_intel
  sudo modprobe -r kvm<
  # Loading modules
  sudo modprobe kvm_intel
  sudo modprobe kvm

• The alternative is to remove KVM permanently, by KVM kernel recompilation, kernel replacement and reboot.

• Network is detected on my notebook “ASUS K95VB”:
  • Ethernet: “enp0s3”.
  • Hardware address: “08:00:EB:87:96”.
  • IPv4 Address: 10.0.2.15/24
  • IPv6 Address: “fd17:625c:f037:2:cb58:e688:473d:”
  • Default Route: “10.0.2.2”.
  • DNS: “10.0.2.3”.
• System message after boot of the Guest operating system “AlmaLinux 10”, at system prompt:

  block-dm-0: the capability attribute has been deprecated.
  

• OSBoxes.
  • OSBoxes "VirtualBox Images".
• Oracle "Pre-Built Developer VMs (for Oracle VM VirtualBox)".

• die.net "dprobe(8) - Linux man page".
• VirtualBox Manual.
  • VirtualBox Manual "First Steps" - “Installing Oracle VirtualBox and Extension Packs”.
  • VirtualBox Manual "Chapter 4. Guest Additions".
• Oracle Help Center "Oracle VirtualBox".
  • Oracle VM VirtualBox User Manual for Release 6.0 "3.2. Unattended Guest Installation".
  • Oracle VM VirtualBox Administrator's Guide for Release 6.0 "3.1. Where Oracle VM VirtualBox Stores its Files".
    • A machine folder: $HOME/VirtualBox VMs/Example VM/
    • In the machine folder, a settings file: Example VM.vbox
    • In the machine folder, a virtual disk image: Example VM.vdi.

• AskUbuntu "How do I install Guest Additions in a VirtualBox VM?".
• AskUbuntu "Where is the VirtualBox installation folder on Ubuntu?".
  • “The guest additions iso is in /usr/share/virtualbox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso (if you installed the virtualbox-guest-additions-iso package)”.
  • “So far for VirtualBox 6.1.40 the directory is still the same - /usr/share/virtualbox/”.
• AskUbuntu "How to add users to vboxusers to enable USB usage".
• Oracle.
  • Oracle Blog "Friday Spotlight: VirtualBox Extension Pack & Guest Additions".
  • Oracle Virtualization Blog "Guide for VirtualBox VM unattended installation".
• Red Hat Developers "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Quick Install - VirtualBox".
• StackExchange "Error while upgrading from Fedora 35 to Fedora 36: VirtualBox requires libvpx.so.6()(64bit), but none of the providers can be installed".
• Superuser "VirtualBox can't operate in VMX mode".
• Superuser "How to permanently disable kvm modules in Linux?" - “modprobe -r kvm_intel”, “modprobe -r kvm”.
• TechMint "How to Install VirtualBox 7.0 in RHEL 9/8".
• TechRepublic "How to use the VirtualBox unattended installation feature".
• ubuntuusers Wiki "Kernelmodule".
  • “kmod list”, “lsmod”, “modinfo MODULNAME”, “sudo modprobe OPTIONEN MODULNAME(N)”, “sudo insmod MODULNAME”, “sudo rmmod OPTIONEN MODULNAME”, “sudo depmod OPTIONEN”,...
• VirtualBox Forums.
  • VirtualBox Forums "[SOLVED]VBoxCli:The virtualbox kernel service is not running".
  • VirtualBox Forums "Virtualbox problem running in the background".
  • [VBox DHCP] DNS=10.0.2.3, why?, 2008.

• OpenVZ - Open source container-based virtualization for Linux.
  • OpenVZ Download - Downloads for Debian & RedHat ( → Yum repository ).
  • OpenVZ Wiki.
    • OpenVZ Wiki "Quick installation".
    • OpenVZ Wiki "Yum".
    • OpenVZ Wiki "Installation on Debian 9".
• EN.Wikipedia "OpenVZ", DE.Wikipedia "OpenVZ".
• Parallels - “OpenVZ is the basis of Parallels Cloud Server”.

• VMware "Fusion and Workstation".
  • “Yes, I want to Build my Profile” ⇒ “This option is not available to users who have registered with a non-corporate email domain” .
  • Broadcom Support "Free Downloads" - “VMware Workstation Pro”.
    • Broadcom Community "VMWare Tools Download - 'screening required'" .
• CHIP "VMware Workstation Pro" - Just Windows .
• TechSpot "VMware Workstation Pro" - “VMware Workstation Pro” for Windows, Linux.

• Preparation of VMware Workstation Pro bundle, make it executable

  chmod a+x VMware-Workstation-Full-XXXX.x86_64.bundle
  sudo ./VMware-Workstation-Full-XXXX.x86_64.bundle
  

• askUbuntu "How to install .bundle packages in Ubuntu?".

• Disk File: ”/home/node11/vmware/Alma10/Alma10.vmdk”.

• Root password: “vnode11”.
• User: “vnode11”. Password: “vnode11”.

• Network is detected on my notebook “ASUS K95VB”:
  • Ethernet: “ens160”.
  • Hardware address: “00:0C:29:FB:E5:77”.
  • IP Address: 172.16.16.128/24
  • Default Route: “176.16.16.2”.
  • DNS: “176.16.16.2”.
  • Host Name: “vnode11”.
• System messages after boot of the Guest operating system “AlmaLinux 10”, at system prompt:

  block-dm-0: the capability attribute has been deprecated.
  
  block nvme0n1: No UUID available prviding old NGUID
  
  hrtimer:  interrupt took 5000473 ms
  

• “Virtual Machine / Install VMware Tools...” is grayed , i.e. can't be executed.

• “Virtual Machine / Install VMware Tools...” - Message:

  VMware Tools is no longer shipped with VMware Player for legacy guest operating systems.
  Please download it from https://packages-prod.broadcom.com/tools/frozen/linux/linux.iso and refer to https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article?legacyId=1014294 for installation steps.
  No VMware Tools image exists for the guest operating system

• Broadcom Knowledge Database "Install VMware Tools in VMware products".
  • Broadcom Knowledge Database "Installing VMware Tools in an Ubuntu Virtual Machine".
  • Broadcom Knowledge Database "Installing VMware Tools in a Linux virtual machine using Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)".
• Download archive.
  • packages-prod.broadcom.com/tools/.
  • packages-prod.broadcom.com/tools/frozen/.
    • packages-prod.broadcom.com/tools/frozen/linux/.

• “Virtual Machine / Download a Virtual Appliance” - Loads URL Broadcom "Bitnami Secure Images - Virtual Machine" in the standard browser of the host operating system.

• OSBoxes.
  • OSBoxes "VMware Images".

• GitHub.
  • GitHub "bitnami / vms".
  • GitHub "bitnami / containers".
    • GitHub "bitnami / containers" - "Upcoming changes to the Bitnami catalog (effective August 28th, 2025) #83267".
      • “Disable images generation for Debian-based images and gradually move existing ones to a Bitnami Legacy repository”.
      • “A focused set of more hardened, more secure images. These free images are intended for development and are only available on the 'latest' tag. You can find them at https://hub.docker.com/u/bitnamisecure”.
  • GitHub "bitnami / charts" - “The Bitnami Library for Kubernetes”.
• Docker.
  • Docker Hub.
    • Docker Hub "Bitnami Legacy".
    • Docker Hub "Bitnami".
      • Docker Hub "Bitnami" - "Notation".
        • “Bitnami will begin deprecating support for non-hardened, Debian-based software images in its free tier and will gradually remove non-latest tags from the public catalog. As a result, community users will have access to a reduced number of hardened images. These images are published only under the “latest” tag and are intended for development purposes”.
        • “Starting August 28th, over two weeks, all existing container images, including older or versioned tags (e.g., 2.50.0, 10.6), will be migrated from the public catalog (docker.io/bitnami) to the “Bitnami Legacy” repository (docker.io/bitnamilegacy), where they will no longer receive updates”.
    • Docker Hub "Bitnami Secure Images".
• Broadcom "Bitnami Developer Center".
  • Broadcom "Bitnami Application Catalog" - “See Full Catalog”.
    • Broadcom "Bitnami Secure Images".
      • Broadcom "Bitnami Secure Images - Virtual Machine"
        • “Search Application”.
        • Link “Start using the free development version of Bitnami Secure Images today” ⇒ Docker Hub "Bitnami Secure Images".
  • Bitnami Documentation.
    • Bitnami Documentation "Get Started with Bitnami Applications using VMware Workstation".

• GitHub "vmware / open-vm-tools".
• packages-prod.broadcom.com/tools/.
  • packages-prod.broadcom.com/tools/open-vm-tools.

• Broadcom "Broadcom Completes Acquisition of VMware", 2023-11.
• Broadcom "Broadcom Introduces Bitnami Secure Images For Production-Ready Containerized Applications", 2025-07 - “Bitnami Secure Images is the evolution of Bitnami’s free community application catalog”. “Bitnami’s free community application catalog” ⇒ GitHub.
• reddit "r/vmware" - "I thought Player was dead and Workstation Pro was for everyone, so why Player 17.6?" - “Player gives you nothing that Pro doesn’t have. It’s a UI that’s designed for 1 vm vs many, and you also get the network editor”.
• reddit.
  • reddit "r/vmware" - "how can i install vmware workstation pro and player on the same pc? " - “You cannot install VMware Workstation Pro and VMware Player separately. However, you shouldn't need to because VMware Workstation Pro includes VMware Player in its installation”.
  • reddit "/r/kubernetes" - "Bitnami moving most free container images to a legacy repo on Aug 28, 2025. What's your plan?", 2025-07.
• VMware Blog "VMware Workstation Pro: Now Available Free for Personal Use", 2024-05.
• VMware Partnerweb "VMware Documentation for AlmaLinux OS 10".
• EN.Wikipedia "VMware Workstation Player" - “VMware Workstation Player was discontinued in May 2024 when VMware Workstation Pro became free for personal use”.

• Heroic Games Launcher, for playing “Good Old Games” ( GOG ), “Itch.io”, “Epic”...
  • “A Free and Open Source Epic, GOG and Amazon Prime Games launcher for Linux, Windows and macOS. Also available on the SteamDeck!”.

• Lutris - Open Gaming Platform, for playing “Good Old Games” ( GOG ), “Itch.io”, “Epic”...
  • “The client can connect with existing services like Humble Bundle, GOG and Steam to make your game libraries easily available”.

• EN.Wikipedia "Proton (software)", EN.Wikipedia "Proton (Software)".

• Bottles - “Run Windows in a Bottle”.

• WineHQ - “Führt Windows-Anwendungen unter Linux, BSD, Solaris und Mac OS X aus”.
• SourceForge "Wine Is Not an Emulator", SourceForge "Wine Is Not an Emulator".
• EN.Wikipedia "Proton (software)", EN.Wikipedia "Wine".

• ProtonDB - “Your home for crowdsourced Linux and Steam Deck game compatibility reports!”.

• Linux-Bibel "Bottles – Windows-Software unter Linux".
• ArchLinux Wiki "Bottles" - “A Wine prefix manager written in Python using the GTK framework. It can be used to create and manage Wine prefixes as well as automatically handling the installation of various Wine runners, Windows dependencies and installation of some Windows applications”.

• Medium "Setting Up Wine on RHEL to Run Windows Apps", 2023.
• TecMint #1 Linux Blog "Wine 10.0 Released – Install and Run Windows Software on Linux", 2025.

• System messages
  • System message “block-dm-0: the capability attribute has been deprecated”.
    • RockyLinux Forums "Block dm-0: the capability attribute has been deprecated".
    • StackExchange "What do the Block Device Capability flags mean?".
  • System message “block nvme0n1: No UUID available prviding old NGUID”.
    • ArchLinux Forums "[SOLVED] No UUID available providing old NGUID"
  • System message ”[ 24.784713] hrtimer: interrupt took 5000473 ms”.
    • StackOverflow "What is "hrtimer: interrupt took x ns" mean? seen in dmesg" - “This message is often found in cases of high CPU usage, and is an interrupt event for your CPU”.
    • Linux.com "Kernel Interrupt Overview".
• Ubuntu documentation " KVM/FAQ" - “How to prevent VirtualBox and KVM from conflicting?”. Not applicable for RHLS, AlmaLinux,...
• EN.Wikipedia "Network bridge", DE.Wikipedia "Bridge (Netzwerk)".