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[hemmerling] Unix 10/12 - Unix Applications

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Desktops

GNOME Desktop

GNOME Desktop Releases used by pubic Unix Distributions

Unix GNOME Desktop release GNOME Remote Desktop Comments & Date
Red Hat / CentOS / Rocky / Alma 47.7 RDP 2025-11
Fedora 41 4.47 ?
Debian 12.10 4.43.9 RDP
Debian 13 4.48 RDP
Ubuntu 20.04 3.36 VNC 2020-04
Ubuntu 22.04 4.42 RDP 2022-04

Maximize and unmaximize a Window

  • Ubuntu documentation "Maximize and unmaximize a window" - Valid infos for both Debian Linux with GNOME desktop & Ubuntu Linux.
    • There is ( just ) a close button at the right upper corner of the application window :-). The Microsoft Windows style buttons minimize button and maximize button are missing :-(.
    • However, there are function keys to maximize a window, and to return to the individual window size:
      • With “Super” key = “Windows key” on modern PC keyboards:
        • “Windows-Key + Cursur-Up” - Maximize window to desktop size. “Windows-Key + Cursur-Down” - Unmaximize window.
      • “ALT + F10” to toggle between maximized window size and unmaximized window size.
  • For comparison, the Microsoft Windows design standard:
    • Microsoft Learn "Windows and Messages / About Windows" - “An application window includes elements such as a title bar, a menu bar, the window menu (formerly known as the system menu), the minimize button, the maximize button, the restore button, the close button, a sizing border, a client area, a horizontal scroll bar, and a vertical scroll bar. An application's main window typically includes all of these components”.

Screen Locking, Screen Power Saving

Switching between Graphical Manager and Text Consoles

  • CTRL+ALT+F1 ( Graphical Manager ), CTRL+ALT+F2, CTRL+ALT+F3, CTRL+ALT+F4, CTRL+ALT+F5, CTRL+ALT+F6.

Trash

KDE Plasma Desktop

LXDE Desktop

Archivers & File Managers

Graphical File Managers

  • “Files” / “Nautilus”.
    • GNOME Apps "Files" - “Files, also known as Nautilus, is the default file manager of the GNOME desktop”.
    • Ubuntuusers "Nautilus".
      • “Die Funktionen von Nautilus umfassen unter anderem das Anlegen und Verwalten von Dateien, Voransichten für ausgewählte Dateitypen und den Zugriff auf entfernte Freigaben. Zudem besitzt er eine Schnittstelle für Erweiterungen, um den Funktionsumfang zu erweitern”.
      • “Mit der Version 3.6 wurde der Funktionsumfang von Nautilus auf wesentliche Funktionen reduziert. Es gibt mit Nemo eine Abspaltung (Fork), die auf Basis von Nautilus 3.4 weiterentwickelt wird. Nemo knüpft an den Funktionsumfang früherer Nautilus-Versionen an”.
    • Caja, Nemo ⇒ See Unix 2/12 - Linux & BSD Distributions.
      • Ubuntuusers "Caja" - “Caja ist der Standard-Dateimanager der Desktop-Umgebung MATE”.
      • Ubuntuusers "Nemo" - “Er ist der Standard-Dateimanager von Ubuntu Budgie, Ubuntu Unity und Ubuntu Cinnamon” ( and Linux Mint Cinnamon ).
  • Midnight Commander, with a terminal-based GUI.

Graphical Archiver Tools & Graphical Front Ends for Archivers

Command Line Tools

Free Online Services

Resources

Browsers

Firefox

  • For Firefox on Linux, i.e. “Firefox ESR 128.13.0esr (64-bit)” on AlmaLinux, there is no “Update” button at “Help / About Firefox” :-(.

Google Chrome

  • linuxiac "How to Install Google Chrome on AlmaLinux 8/9 and Rocky Linux 8/9".
    1. Download and Import Google’s GPG Key fails :-(.
      • GitHub "Unknown policy NO-SHA1: file NO-SHA1.pmod not found #12178", 2024-07.
        $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub

$sudo rpm --import linux_signing_key.pub
warning: Certificate 7721F63BD38B4796:
  Subkey 4EB27DB2A3B88B8B is expired: The subkey is not live
  Policy rejects subkey 1397BC53640DB551: Policy rejected non-revocation signature (PrimaryKeyBinding) requiring second pre-image resistance
  Subkey 78BD65473CB3BD13 is expired: The subkey is not live
  Policy rejects subkey 6494C6D6997C215E: Policy rejected non-revocation signature (PrimaryKeyBinding) requiring second pre-image resistance

$ sudo update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:SHA1
Unknown policy `SHA1`: file `SHA1.pmod` not found in (., policies/modules, /etc/crypto-policies/policies/modules, /usr/share/crypto-policies/policies/modules)

$ sudo rpm --import linux_signing_key.pub
$ sudo update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT
    2. Download of Google Chrome RPM Installation Package.
      $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm
$ sudo dnf localinstall google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm
$ sudo dnf repolist

Opera Browser

Download & local Installation

  • Opera Browser "Download".
    • Linux .DEB, .RPM, ( snap ).
    • Installation after download
      sudo apt install ./Downloads/opera-stable_XXXX_amd64.deb
sudo yum install ./Downloads/opera-stable_XXXX_amd64.rpm -y

Snap

.rpm Repository

.deb Repository ( untested )

  • Opera Repository "deb.opera.com/opera".
  • Is the “Release.gpg” file the right one?
  • Use editor “nano” to create or update the Opera repository configuration file
    $ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/opera.repo<code>
[opera]
name=Opera packages
type=deb
baseurl=https://deb.opera.com/opera/pool/non-free/o/opera-stable
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://deb.opera.com/opera/dists/stable/Release.gpg
enabled=1
    • Installation by “ardnf”
      $ sudo apt install opera-stable -y
  • Debian Wiki "SourcesList".

Yandex

Download & local Installation

  • Yandex Browser ( browser.yandex.ru ) - Download links at bottom of page.
  • .deb download and installation:
    • “Astra Linux” & “Alt OS and Simply Linux” ( “ОС Альт и Simply Linux” ):
      $ apt-get update 
$ sudo apt-get install yandex-browser-stable
  • Debian, Mint, Ubuntu:
    • Download of “Yandex.deb” by website, installation by:
      $ apt-get update 
$ sudo apt install ./Downloads/Yandex.deb
  • .rpm download and installation:
    • “RED OS” ( “РЕД ОС” ) & “ROSA OS” ( “ОС РОСА”).
    • Redhat, CentOS, Fedora:
      • Download of “Yandex.rpm” by website, installation by:
        sudo yum install ./Downloads/Yandex.rpm -y

Ubuntu

  • "How to Install Yandex Browser on Ubuntu 24.04, 22.04 or 20.04":
    $ sudo apt update 
$ sudo apt install curl apt-transport-https -y

$ curl -fSsL https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/YANDEX-BROWSER-KEY.GPG | sudo gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/yandex.gpg

$ echo deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/yandex.gpg] http://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/deb stable main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yandex-stable.list
$# or
$ echo deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/yandex.gpg] http://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/deb beta main | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yandex-beta.list

Flathub

Snap for .deb

.rpm Repository ( untested )

  • Yandex Repository "rpm/stable/x86_64".
    1. Use editor “nano” to create or update the Opera repository configuration file
      $ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/opera.repo<code>
[opera]
name=Opera packages
type=rpm-md
baseurl=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/rpm/stable/x86_64
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/YANDEX-BROWSER-KEY.GPG
enabled=1
    • Installation by “dnf”
      $ sudo dnf install opera-stable -y

.deb Repository ( untested )

  • Yandex Repository "deb/pool/main/y/yandex-browser-stable".
    1. Use editor “nano” to create or update the Opera repository configuration file
      $ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/opera.repo<code>
[opera]
name=Opera packages
type=deb
baseurl=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/deb/pool/main/y/yandex-browser-stable
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://repo.yandex.ru/yandex-browser/YANDEX-BROWSER-KEY.GPG
enabled=1
    • Installation by “apt-get”
      $ sudo apt-get  install yandex-browser-stable -y

Resources

  • On GNOME desktop:
    • “Opera” and “Yandex” browsers have the Microsoft-Windows-style minimize button and “maximize button” in addition to the GNOME standard button “close button” at the top right corner, as any Windows application.
    • “Firefox” and “Chrome” browser as typical GNOME applications, just have a standard GNOME “close button” at right upper corner. You may use the standard GNOME keys means to maximize and minimize a desktop window.
  • See Remote Access Tools for Computers & Network Clients.
  • heise online "Opera in Linux installieren".

Document Creators & Readers

Document Creators

Document Readers ( PDF ... )

Tools

Resources

Firewall

RedHat

firewall-config

  • Installation of the firewall UI application:
    sudo yum install firewall-config
sudo firewall-config
  • Firewall Configuration:
    • Configuration: ”Runtime” / “Permanent”.
      1. Zones - “A firewall zone defines the level of trust for network connections, interfaces and source addresses bound to the zone. The zone combines services, ports, protocols, masquerading, port / packet forwarding, icmp filters and rich rules. The zone can be bound to interfaces and source addresses”.
        • Zones “public”.
          • Services:
            • By default, just these zones are activated: ”[x] Cockpit”, ”[x] dhcpv6-client”, ”[x] ssh”.
            • ”[x] rdp”.
          • Ports:
            • “3389 [tcp]” - Default port for GNOME Remote Login GNOME Desktop Sharing.
            • “3390 [tcp]” - Default port for GNOME Desktop Sharing.
      2. Services - “A firewall service is a combination of ports, protocols, modules and destination addresses.
      3. IPSets - “An IPet can be used to create white or black lists and is able to store for example IP addresses, port numbers and MAC addresses”.

firewall-cmd

  • Show status by commandline firewall application:
    sudo firewall-cmd --state

Debian

Webmin

  • Webmin - “A web-based system administration tool for Unix-like servers”.
  • Download:
    curl -o webmin-setup-repo.sh https://raw.githubusercontent.com/webmin/webmin/master/webmin-setup-repo.sh
sudo sh webmin-setup-repo.sh
  • REL Installation:
    sudo dnf install webmin
  • DEB Installation:
    sudo apt-get install webmin --install-recommends

Resources

Network configuration

Package Management & Package Installation

AppImage

  • AppImage.
    • “Leading Linux distributions. Download an application, make it executable, and run! No need to install. No system libraries or system preferences are altered”.
    • To run an AppImage, simply:
      1. Make it executable
        $ chmod a+x Subsurface*.AppImage
      2. and run!
        $ ./Subsurface*.AppImage"
  • GitHub "AppImage".
    • GitHub "AppImage / appimagekit" - “Package desktop applications as AppImages that run on common Linux-based operating systems, such as RHEL, CentOS, openSUSE, SLED, Ubuntu, Fedora, debian and derivatives”.
  • Tool GitHub "cosmic-utils / app-hub" - “AppHub is a Linux desktop application that simplifies the installation and management of .appImage packages”.
  • EN.Wikipedia "AppImage", DE.Wikipedia "AppImage".

Distroless

Flatpak

GNU Guix

  • GNU Guix - “GNU Guix is a package manager for GNU/Linux systems”.

Homebrew

Snap / Snappy

Package Repositories

Resources

Usernames & Passwords

VNC, RDP,...

Appropriate OpenDirectory Directory Pages


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