[hemmerling] LPI Essentials ( LPI Linux Essentials, LPI Security Essentials, LPI Web Development Essentials, LPI Open Source Essentials )

Course & Objectives

The Linux Professional Institute Inc. "Linux Professional Institute Linux Essentials".
- The Linux Professional Institute Inc. "Linux Essentials Exam 010 Objectives".

Literature

Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source

1.1 Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems

Range of distributions of Amazon Cloud Services and Google Cloud

Q: What range of distributions does Amazon Cloud Services and Google Cloud offer? Name at least three common ones and two different ones.
A:The common distributions between Amazon and Google Cloud Services are Ubuntu, CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Each cloud provider also offers specific distributions that the other one doesn’t. Amazon has Amazon Linux and Kali Linux, while Google offers the use of FreeBSD and Windows Servers.
- Popular:
  - Debian.
    - AWS Marketplace "Debian".
    - Google Cloud - Search for "debian", Google Cloud "Debian 12 'Bookworm'".
  - Ubuntu.
    - AWS Marketplace "Canonical Group Limited", Canonical Group Limited - “Ubuntu”.
    - Google Cloud - Search for "ubuntu", Google Cloud "Ubuntu 24.04".
  - The CentOS Project.
    - AWS Marketplace "Amazon Web Services" - “CentOS Stream”.
    - AWS Marketplace "Supported Images", Supported Images - “CentOS”, “Ubuntu”...
    - Google Cloud - Search for "centos", Google Cloud "CentOS Stream 9".
  - Red Hat.
    - AWS Marketplace "Red Hat".
    - Google Cloud - Search for "redhat", Google Cloud "Red Hat Professional Services".
- Also available:
  - “Microsoft Windows Server”.
    - AWS Marketplace "Amazon Web Services" - “Microsoft Windows Server”.
    - Google Cloud - Search for "windows", Google Cloud "Windows Server 2022 Datacenter".
  - The FreeBSD Project.
    - AWS Marketplace "FreeBSD".
    - Google Cloud "FreeBSD".
  - Kali Linux.
    - AWS Marketplace "Kali Linux".
    - Google Cloud - Search for "kali", Google Cloud "Kali Linux with XFCE4 Desktop GUI".
- AWS only:
  - “Amazon Linux” ( Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux 2023", Amazon AWS "Amazon Linux 2", AWS Marketplace "Amazon Web Services" ).

The most popular Linux Applications

LinuxQuestions.org.
- LinuxQuestions.org "2018 LinuxQuestions.org Members Choice Awards" ( mentioned in “Linux Essentials Version 1.6” ), LinuxQuestions.org "2021 LinuxQuestions.org Members Choice Awards" ( the latested award ).

1.2 Major Open Source Applications

Commands

.deb:

apt-cache search figlet
sudo apt-get install figlet
figlet Awesome!
sudo apt-get remove figlet
apt-get purge figlet

.rpm:

yum search speaking cow
sudo yum install cowsay
cowsay "Brought to you by yum"
sudo yum remove cowsay

Server Applications

Data Sharing

Guided Exercises

apt-get install blender
apt-get purge cups

1.3 Open Source Software and Licensing

Copyleft licenses.
Permissive licenses.

1.4 ICT Skills and Working in Linux

Resources

Explorational Exercises

Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System

2.1 Command Line Basics

2.1.1 Command Line Basics, Lession #1

$ ls -al
$ ls -a -l
$ ls --all --format=long

$ type echo
echo is a shell builtin
$ type man
man is /usr/bin/man

$ TWOWORDS="two words"
$ touch $TWOWORDS
$ ls -l
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:56 two
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:56 words
$ touch "$TWOWORDS"
$ ls -l
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:56 two
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:58 'two words'
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:56 words
$ touch '$TWOWORDS'
$ ls -l
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 15:00 '$TWOWORDS'
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:56 two
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:58 'two words'
-rw-r--r-- 1 carol carol 0 Mar 10 14:56 words

$ echo I am $USER
I am tom
$ echo "I am $USER"
I am tom

$ touch new file
$ ls -l
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tom students 0 Oct 8 15:18 file
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tom students 0 Oct 8 15:18 new
$ touch "new file"
$ ls -l
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tom students 0 Oct 8 15:19 new file

$ echo I am $USER
I am tom
$ echo 'I am $USER'
I am $USER

$ echo $USER
carol
$ echo \$USER
$USER

2.1.1 Command Line Basics, Explorational Exercises #1

$ touch game{1..5}
$ ls
game1 game2 game3 game4 game5
$ rm game?

2.1.2 Command Line Basics, Lession #2

$ greeting=hello
$ echo greeting
greeting
$ echo $greeting
hello

# in another shell:
$ echo $greeting

$ echo $greeting world
hello world
$ bash -c 'echo $greeting world'
world
$ echo $greeting
hey
$ unset greeting
$ echo $greeting

$ greeting=hello
$ export greeting
$ export greeting=hey
$ echo $greeting world
hey world
$ bash -c 'echo $greeting world'
hey world
$ TZ=EST date
Thu 31 Jan 10:07:35 EST 2019
$ TZ=GMT date
Thu 31 Jan 15:07:35 GMT 2019

$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
$ PATH=$PATH:/home/user/bin
$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/home/user/bin

Example: Adding ”/opt/bin” to the path:

$ mybin=/opt/bin
$ PATH=$PATH:$mybin
$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/home/user/bin:/opt/bin

Example: Deleting ”/usr/sbin” directory ( where editor “nano” is stored ) from the path

$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
$ which nano
/usr/bin/nano
$ PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games
$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games
$ which nano
which: no nano in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games)
$ PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
$ which nano
/usr/bin/nano

Guided Exercises

$ number=5

export ORDER=desc

$ echo number
number
$ echo ORDER
ORDER
$ echo $number
5
$ echo $ORDER
desc

Explorational Exercises

$ nr_files=`wc -l /etc/passwd`

$ export ME=$USER

$ ME=$ME:$HOME
$ echo $ME
user:/home/user

$ today=$(TZ=GMT date)
$ echo $today
Thu 31 Jan 15:07:35 GMT 2019

$ today=$(TZ=EST date)
$ echo $today
Thu 31 Jan 10:07:35 EST 2019

$ today1=$(date)
$ echo $today1
Thu 31 Jan 10:07:35 EST 2019